Hussein Dey
Hussein Dey | |||||
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Dey-Pasha | |||||
Portrait of Hussein Dey by Fernel, 1830 | |||||
Reign | 1 March 1818 – 5 July 1830 | ||||
Predecessor | Ali Khodja | ||||
Successor | Title abolished | ||||
Born | Hüseyin bin Hüseyin 1764/65 Urla or Smyrne, Ottoman Empire | ||||
Died | 1838 Alexandria | ||||
Spouse | Lella Fatma | ||||
Issue | Nafissa Hanem El Hadj Omar Amina Hanem unnamed daughter | ||||
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Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||
Occupation | Khodjet al-khil (minister) |
Hussein Dey (real name Hüseyin bin Hüseyin; 1765 – 1838; Arabic: حسين داي) was the last Dey of the Deylik of Algiers.
Early life
He was born either in İzmir or Urla in the Ottoman Empire. He went to Istanbul and joined the Canoneers (Topçular in Turkish), and quickly rose to the rank of Odabaşı, but thanks to his character and rivalries, he was forced to flee the Ottoman Empire. He fled to the Deylik of Algiers, a country which was De facto independent from the Ottoman Empire, similar to the other countries of the Barbary Coast.[1][2] Algiers was well known for accepting fugitives of different countries.[3] In Algiers, he joined the Odjak of Algiers and became a Janissary.[4] In 1815 he was appointed Khodjet al-khil, a minister tasked with raising and commanding the cavalry of the Dey and raising taxes.[5] He commanded the cavalry as a quick relief force during the bombardment of Algiers in 1816.
In 1818 following the death of the previous Dey, the Divan of Algiers elected Hussein as the next ruler.
Rule
Husseyn Dey succeeded Ali V ben Ahmed as dey of Algiers in March 1818. He enacted some measures such as freeing hostages and ensuring freedom of religion for the Jews.[6]
French conquest of Algeria
In an attempt by Charles X of France to increase his popularity amongst the French, he sought to bolster patriotic sentiment, and turn eyes away from his domestic policies, by "skirmishing against the dey".[7] This eventually lead to the French conquest of Algeria.
The Fly Whisk Incident
In the 1790s, France had contracted to purchase wheat for the French army from two Jewish merchants in Algiers, Messrs. Bakri-Busnach, and was in arrears paying them. These merchants themselves had debts to the dey and claimed inability to pay those debts until France paid its debts to them. The dey had unsuccessfully negotiated with Pierre Deval, the French consul, to rectify this situation, and he suspected Deval of collaborating with the merchants against him, especially when the French government made no provisions to repay the merchants in 1820. Deval's nephew Alexandre, the consul in Annaba, further angered the dey by fortifying French storehouses in Annaba and El Kala against the terms of prior agreements.[8]
After a contentious meeting in which Deval refused to provide satisfactory answers on 29 April 1827, the dey struck Deval with his fly whisk. Charles X used this slight against his diplomatic representative to first demand an apology from the dey, and then to initiate a blockade against the port of Algiers. When the dey responded to a demand to send an ambassador to France to resolve the incident by firing cannons toward one of the blockading ships, the French determined that more forceful action was required.[9]
Invasion of Algiers (June 1830)
34 000 French soldiers landed at Sidi Fredj 27 kilometres (17 mi) west of Algiers on June 14, 1830 and entered Algiers on 5 July after a three-week campaign against the Dey. Hussein Dey agreed to surrender in exchange for his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. This marked the end of the Deylik and the start of French rule in Algeria.
Exile
On July 15, 1830, five days after his surrender to the French, Husseyn Dey left Algiers with his family, his harem and his personal fortune on the French ship Jeanne d'Arc. His request for permission to live in France having been refused by Charles X, he settled in Naples.[10] He stayed in Italy for three years and died in Alexandria in 1838.
Legacy
A suburb of the city of Algiers has been named after Hussein Dey and the district that surrounds it bears the same name. The top tier football team NA Hussein Dey is based here.
References
- ^ Association, American Historical (1918). General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884-1914. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ Uwechue, Raph (1991). Africa Today. Africa Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-903274-16-6.
- ^ The Asiatic Quarterly Review. Swan Sonnenshein & Company. 1890.
- ^ Estry, Stephen d' (1841). Histoire d'Alger: de son territoire et de ses habitants, ... (in French). Mame.
- ^ Kaddache, Mahfoud (1998). L'Algérie durant la période ottomane (in French). Office des publications universitaires. ISBN 978-9961-0-0099-1.
- ^ Fleury, Georges. Comment l'Algérie devint française (1830-1848)
- ^ "Algeria, Colonial Rule". Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 39. Retrieved 2007-12-19.
- ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil. A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, p. 249
- ^ Abun-Nasr, p. 250
- ^ Hugo, Abel. 1835. France pittoresque
- v
- t
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the Kingdom of Tlemcen
(1235–1556)
- Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan
- Abu Said Uthman I
- Abu Zayyan I
- Abu Hammu I
- Abu Tashufin I
- Abu Said Uthman II
- Abu Thabid I
- Abu Hammu II Musa
- Abu Zayyan Muhammad II ibn Uthman
- Abu Tashufin II
- Abu Thabid II
- Abul Hadjdjadj I
- Abu Zayyan II
- Abu Muh I
- Abu Abdallah I
- Abd er Rahman I bin Abu Muh
- Said I bin Abu Tashufin
- Abu Malek I
- Abu Abdallah II
- Abu Abbas Ahmad I
- Abu Abdallah III
- Abu Tashufin III
- Abu Abdallah IV
- Abu Abdallah V
- Abu Hammu III
- Abu Muh II
- Abu Abdallah VI
- Abu Zayyan III
- Al Hassan ben Abu Muh
the Regency of Algiers
(1517–1710)
- Aruj Barbarossa
- Hayreddin Barbarossa
- Hasan Agha
- Hadji Pasha
- Hasan Pasha
- Khalifa Saffah
- Salah Rais
- Hasan Corso
- Muhammad Kurdogli
- Mehmed Tekkelerli
- Yusuf I Pasha
- Yahyia Pasha
- Hasan Khüsro Aga
- Ahmed Bostandji
- Ahmad Pasha Qabia
- Muhamad Pasha
- Uluç Ali Reis
- Mehmet Pasha
- Arab Ahmed Pasha
- Ramdan Pasha
- Hassan Veneziano
- Djafar Pasha
- Mami Muhammad Pasha
- Dali Ahmed Pasha
- Hızır Pasha
- Hadji Shaban Pasha
- Mustapha Pasha
- Daly Hassan Pasha
- Soliman Pasha
- Muhammad II the eunuch
- Mustapha II Pasha
- Rizvan Pasha
- Köse Mustafa Pacha
- Hasan IV
- Mustapha IV Pasha
- Soliman Katanya
- Kassan Kaid Koça
- Hizir Pasha
- Mustafa III Pasha
- Khüsrev Pacha
- Murat Pasha
- Hassan Khodja
- Yusuf II Pasha
- Ali Bitchin
- Mahmud Bursali Pacha
- Ahmed I Pasha
- Yusuf III Pasha
- Murad Pasha
- Buzenak-Muhammad
- Ahmed II Pasha
- Ibrahim Pasha
- Ismail Pasha
- Khalil Aga
- Ramadan Aga
- Shaban Aga
- Ali Aga
- Hadj Mohamed Dey
- Baba Hassan
- Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha
- Ahmed Sharban
- Hadji Ahmed ben al-Hadji
- Hassan Chaouch
- Hadji Mustapha
- Hussein Kodja
- Mohamed Bektach
- Deli Ibrahim
the Deylik of Algiers
(1710–1830)
- Ali I
- Muhammad III
- Abdy Pasha
- Mohammed Arslan
- Ibrahim III
- Ibrahim IV
- Muhammad IV
- Ali II
- Muhammad V
- Sidi Hassan
- Mustapha II
- Ahmed II
- Ali III
- Ali IV
- Mohammed Khaznadji
- Omar Agha
- Ali V
- Muhammad VI ben Ali
- Hussein Dey
of French Algeria
(1830–1962)
- Louis-Auguste-Victor
- Bertrand Clauzel
- Pierre Berthezène
- Anne Jean Marie René Savary
- Théophile Voirol
- Jean-Baptiste Drouet, comte d'Erlon
- Bertrand Clauzel
- Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont
- Sylvain Charles Valée
- Thomas Robert Bugeaud
- Louis Juchault de Lamoricière
- Marie Alphonse Bedeau
- Henri d'Orleans
- Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
- Nicolas Théodule Changarnier
- Viala Charon
- Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul
- Aimable Pélissier
- Jacques Louis Randon
- Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
- Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
- Edmond-Charles de Martimprey
- Patrice de MacMahon
- François Louis Alfred Durrieu
- Jean Walsin-Esterhazy
- Henri-Gabriel Didier
- Charles de Bouzet
- Romuald Vuillermoz
- Alexis Lambert
- Louis Henri de Gueydon
- Antoine Chanzy
- Albert Grévy
- Louis Tirman
- Jules Cambon
- Auguste Loze
- Louis Lépine
- Édouard Laferrière
- Charles Jonnart
- Paul Révoil
- Maurice Varnier
- Charles Lutaud
- Jean-Baptiste Abel
- Théodore Steeg
- Henri Dubief
- Maurice Viollette
- Pierre Bordes
- Jules-Gaston Henri Carde
- Georges le Beau
- Jean-Marie Charles Abrial
- Maxime Weygand
- Yves-Charles Chatel
- Marcel-Edmond Peyrouton
- Georges Catroux
- Yves Chataigneau
- Marcel-Edmond Naegelen
- Roger Léonard
- Jacques Soustelle
- Georges Catroux
- Robert Lacoste
- André Mutter
- Raoul Salan
- Paul Albert Louis Delouvrier
- Jean Morin
- Christian Fouchet
Republic of Algeria
(1962–present)