Hyperendemic

Term in epidemiology

In epidemiology, the term hyperendemic disease is used to refer to a disease which is constantly and persistently present in a population at a high rate of incidence and/or prevalence (occurrence) and which equally affects (i.e. which is equally endemic in) all age groups of that population.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] It is one of the various degrees of endemicity (i.e. degrees of transmission of an infectious disease).

Definitions

According to a more precise definition given by the Robert Koch Institute in Germany, hyperendemicity is not necessarily associated with a high incidence rate. A hyperendemic disease is one which is ubiquitously present with ongoing circulation in an endemic region with a high prevalence rate. As a result, a hyperendemic region shows a relatively low incidence rate but at the same time it poses a high risk of infection to people coming into the region.^[5]

According to another definition discussing malaria, a hyperendemic region is defined to be one with a seasonally high degree of endemicity where immunity does not succeed to prevent the effects of a disease for all age groups.^[6]

Examples

In the discussion of the dengue fever, a hyperendemic state is characterized by the continuous circulation of multiple viral serotypes in an area where a large pool of susceptible hosts and a competent vector (with or without seasonal variation) are constantly present.^[7]

In another example, World Health Organization defines malaria to be hyperendemic if the percentage of persons with an enlarged spleen (spleen rate) is constantly greater than 50% for all age groups.^[8]

Difference with similar epidemiological concepts

Difference with holoendemic

An endemic disease is one with a continuous occurrence at an expected frequency over a certain period of time and in a certain geographical location. Two terms are used when the degree of transmission or infection of an endemic disease is high: hyperendemic and holoendemic. One of the differences between hyperendemic and holoendemic diseases is that hyperendemic diseases show a seasonally intense transmission in all age groups with a period of low or no transmission, whereas in holoendemic diseases, there is perennial (year-round) high level of transmission predominantly among young population with higher immunity among adults.^[9]^[10]

Difference with hotspot

Justin Lessler and others from Johns Hopkins University reported a rise in the usage of the ambiguous term "hotspot" in research and policy documents in late 2010s. Hotspots have been variously described as areas of elevated incidence or prevalence, higher transmission efficiency or risk, or higher probability of disease emergence. Lessler and others suggest that a hyperendemic region or synonymously a "burden hotspot" (defined as an area of elevated disease incidence or prevalence) should be distinguished from an "emergence hotspot" (defined as an area with a high frequency of emergence or reemergence of diseases or drug-resistant strains) and a "transmission hotspot" (defined as an area of elevated transmission efficiency i.e., an elevated reproductive number, R).^[11]

References

^ Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health (7th ed.), Saunders, 2003
^ Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice (3rd ed.), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2006, p. 72
^ Miquel Porta; John M. Last, eds. (2018), A Dictionary of Public Health (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press
^ Miquel Porta, ed. (2016), A Dictionary of Epidemiology (6th ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 46-47
^ Wolfgang Kiehl (2015), Infektionsschutz und Infektionsepidemiologie. Fachwörter – Definitionen – Interpretationen (PDF), Berlin: Robert Koch Institute, p. 32-33, ISBN 978-3-89606-258-1
^ Gilles, H.M.; Warrell, D.A., eds. (1993), "Epidemiology of malaria", Bruce Chwatt's essential malariology (3rd ed.), Edward Arnold, p. 124-163
^ Darvin Scott Smith, MD, MSc, DTM&H. "What is characteristic of hyperendemic dengue?". Medscape. Retrieved 23 June 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ WHO Malaria Terminology, World Health Organization, 2019, p. 13
^ J. Kevin Baird; Michael J. Bangs; Jason D. Maguire; Mazie J. Barcus (2002), "Epidemiological Measures of Risk of Malaria", Malaria Methods and Protocols, pp. 13–22
^ Mauricio L Barreto; Maria Glória Teixeira; Eduardo Hage Carmo (March 2006), "Infectious diseases epidemiology", Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60 (3): 192–195, doi:10.1136/jech.2003.011593, PMC 2465549, PMID 16476746
^ Justin Lessler; Andrew S. Azman; Heather S. McKay; Sean M. Moore (2017), "What is a hotspot anyway?", The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96 (6): 1271, doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0427, PMC 5462559, PMID 28719289

Concepts in infectious disease

Determinants

Agent	Infectivity Infectious dose Pathogenicity Attack rate Virulence Endotoxin Exotoxin Case fatality rate Antimicrobial resistance
Host	Susceptible individual Burn Comorbidity Diabetes Immune response Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Postoperative Opportunistic infection Risk of infection
Environment	Access to water, sanitation and hygiene Climate change El Niño Tropical diseases Commerce Deforestation Ecology Humidity Injection drug use Natural disaster Flood Poultry and livestock Poverty Travel Urbanization Vector control War and conflict

Transmission

Basic concepts	Asymptomatic carrier Chain of infection Fomite Host Incubation period Index case Infectious period Latent period Natural reservoir Opportunistic infection Subclinical infection Super-spreader Window period
Modes	Human-to-human transmission Horizontal Vertical Neonatal Cross-species transmission Spillover infection Vector Zoonosis Reverse zoonosis Breakthrough infection
Routes	Air Blood Breastmilk Food Feces Fomite Hospital Mosquito Respiratory droplet Sex Tick Water
Modelling	Animal disease model Attack rate Basic reproduction number Compartmental models in epidemiology Critical community size Force of infection Herd immunity Infection rate Serial interval
Occurrence levels	Cluster Endemic Epidemic Holoendemic Hyperendemic Incidence Mesoendemic Outbreak Pandemic prevention Prevalence Sporadic Syndemic

Prevention and
Control measures

Pharmaceutical	Antibiotic Antifungal Antimicrobial Antiseptic Antiviral Combination Immunization Immunotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy Inoculation Phage therapy Pre-exposure prophylaxis Post-exposure prophylaxis Repurposed drugs Vaccination efficacy/effectiveness booster resistance Vaccine-preventable disease
Non-pharmaceutical	Contact tracing Cordon sanitaire Disease surveillance Disinfection Hygiene Food hygiene Hand washing Gloves Isolation Lockdown Protective sequestration Public health Health communication Quarantine Respiratory source control Surgical mask PPE Safe sex Sanitation Screening Social distancing Sterilization Travel restrictions Vector control