Ice Age Trail

Ice Age National Scenic Trail
The Ice Age Trail's Wood Lake segment in Taylor County
Length	675 miles (1,086 km) completed 1,200 miles (1,900 km) planned
Location	Wisconsin, United States
Designation	National Scenic Trail
Trailheads	Potawatomi State Park, Door County, Wisconsin Interstate State Park near St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin
Use	Hiking, Snowshoeing
Highest point	Lookout Mountain, Lincoln County, 1,920 ft (590 m)
Lowest point	Lakeshore of Lake Michigan, 580 ft (180 m)
Difficulty	Easy to moderate, varies by location
Months	Year-round, subject to weather conditions
Sights	Glacial landforms
Website	Ice Age Trail Alliance NPS site
Trail map

The Ice Age Trail is a National Scenic Trail stretching 1,200 miles (1,900 km) in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.^[1][2] The trail is administered by the National Park Service,^[3] and is constructed and maintained by private and public agencies including the Ice Age Trail Alliance, a non-profit and member-volunteer based organization with local chapters.^[4] It became an official unit of the National Park System in 2023.^[5]

Route

The trail roughly follows the location of the terminal moraine from the last Ice Age. As the route traverses the moraine, it sometimes meanders into areas west of the moraine, including the Driftless Area in southwestern Wisconsin. The trail passes through 30 of Wisconsin's 72 counties, from the northwestern part of the state to the Lake Michigan shoreline in the east.^[6] The western end of the trail is at Interstate State Park along the St. Croix River, which is the border between northwestern Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota. The eastern terminus of the Ice Age Trail lies at Potawatomi State Park, on Wisconsin's Door Peninsula near the city of Sturgeon Bay.^[7]

Along its route, the trail crosses numerous city and county parks, state parks and forests, state wildlife and natural areas, and the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest. The trail often coincides with other trails within various county and municipal parks. It passes through the land of various owners, including the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, the Ice Age Trail Alliance, and hundreds of private citizens.^[8]

As of 2014, the trail was 1,197.7 miles (1,927.5 km) long. At one point, the trail separates into two just north of Devil's Lake State Park. The western portion of trail, 92 miles (148 km) in length, is referred to as the Western Bifurcation. The Western Bifurcation consists mostly of proposed trail sections (though several miles of established trail do exist). The Western Bifurcation is rejoined by its 75-mile eastern counterpart near the town of Coloma. Though the eastern portion of the trail is more readily developed than its western counterpart, both are officially recognized portions of the Ice Age Trail. As of 2008, the trail consisted of 467 miles (752 km) of traditional hiking paths, 103.2 miles (166.1 km) of multi-use trails, and 529.3 miles (851.8 km) of connecting roads and sidewalks.^[8] As of October 2020, 675 miles (1,086 km) is completed with over 400 miles (640 km) connected by connecting routes (usually roads).^[2]

The Ice Age Trail has one of a few National Side Trails, the Timms Hill National Trail.^[9] National Side Trails are national trails established by the National Trails System Act. The ten-mile Timms Hill Trail connects the Ice Age Trail with Timms Hill, Wisconsin's highest point, which is located in Price County.^[10]

History

The Ice Age Trail began as conservationist Ray Zillmer's idea for having an "Ice Age National Park" of 500 miles starting at St. Croix Falls, going south through Madison, northeast through the Kettle Moraine areas ending near Sturgeon Bay.^[2] The park would travel through the terminal moraine of the most recent glacier to push through Wisconsin about 10,000 years ago.^[2] He envisioned that the park would protect features like kames, drumlins, and kettle moraines.^[2] In 1958, Zillmer founded the Ice Age Park & Trail Foundation (now the Ice Age Trail Alliance (IATA)).^[11] In a 1959 interview in Wisconsin Alumnus magazine, he was quoted "This land must be purchased soon, before the population explosion following the opening of the St. Lawrence waterways affects Wisconsin, before the hills are pre-empted by private homes and the land becomes too expensive." Zillmer died in December 1960 and the National Park Service decided in 1961 that a long park was not feasible.^[2] In 1964, Wisconsin congressman Henry S. Reuss sponsored the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve bill; the bill was signed to establish nine units which he hoped would be connected by a trail (six were utilized).^[2] In 1968, Wisconsin U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson co-sponsored the National Trails System Act which established the Appalachian Trail and Pacific Crest Trail.^[2] During the summer of 1974, Reuss’ Legislative Assistant James H. Rathlesberger led a team of three Reuss staff routing the trail across Wisconsin.

It was established by Act of Congress in 1980, in large part as a result of the efforts of Reuss, who in 1976 authored the book On the Trail of the Ice Age.^[2] The first person to backpack the entire length of the Ice Age Trail was 20-year-old James J. Staudacher of Shorewood, Wisconsin during the summer of 1979.^[2] He started at Potawatomi State Park in May 1979.^[2] Staudacher received maps with the proposed route and supply packages from Reuss and completed the walk at St. Croix Falls in August.^[2] Portions of the trail used existing trails in the northern unit of Kettle Moraine State Forest.^[2]

In 2023, the National Park Service recognized the trail as a unit of the National Park Service. Two other national scenic trails also became the country’s newest units of the National Park Service.^[12]

Use

The trail is open primarily to hiking, although other activities are allowed where the trail follows other existing routes. The trail received an estimated annual usage of 2.3 million people from a 2019 survey.^[2] The trail is divided into just over one hundred segments. These segments range in length between about one and 16 miles. Though segmented, in many places along the way, coming out of the woods at the end of one segment simply means crossing the road and re-entering the woods alongside the sign welcoming you to the next.

There are numerous opportunities for longer-distance treks, with camping opportunities including shelters in both units of the Kettle Moraine State Forest. More recently, the Trail Alliance has developed several Distributed Camping Areas spaced as to encourage more backpacking treks--22 such areas exist today (as of January 2023). On the northwestern third of the trail, tent camping is allowed in some areas (particularly in Lincoln and Langlade Counties) provided you place your tent at least 200 feet from the trail.

As of 2020, there are 19 local IATA chapters which are trying to turn connecting routes into permanent segments.^[2] The chapters' biggest obstacle is acquiring land from private owners and permanently protecting it.^[2] Several trail chapters offer awards for completing hikes of all segments within their jurisdiction, and the Alliance also has a "cold cache" program to encourage hikers to seek out glacial features along the trail using GPS receivers.

One study of trail users found that those who stay overnight are more likely to camp than use other forms of lodging.^[13]

Sights along the trail

Primary attractions include topography left by glaciation in the Last Ice Age. Glacial features along the trail include kettles (usually as a kettle lake), potholes, eskers, kames, and glacial erratics. Many of the best examples of glacial features in Wisconsin are exhibited in units of the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve, most of which lie along the trail.

Numerous species of mammals can be seen along the trail, including red fox, American red squirrel, white-tailed deer, porcupine, black bear and grey wolf. Birds seen along the southern part of the trail include the Acadian flycatcher, Henslow's sparrow, red-headed woodpecker or hooded warbler, while further north white-throated sparrows, ruffed grouse and bald eagles become more common.

Gallery

• 
  A creek along the Monches segment in Waukesha County
• 
  Yellow blazes mark the path of the trail
• 
  A porcupine in Lincoln County's New Wood State Wildlife Area
• 
  Western terminus of the trail at Interstate State Park in St. Croix Falls
• 
  Eastern terminus of the trail at Potawatomi State Park along Wisconsin's Door Peninsula
• 
  Sign at the Table Bluff segment near Cross Plains
• 
  The Kettlebowl Ski Area near Bryant lies along the trail
• 
  Northern landscape in Lincoln County's New Wood State Wildlife Area
• 
  Crossing the Portage Canal
• 
  Crossing a bog in the Chequamegon National Forest in Taylor County
• 
  October view of Picnic Lake west of Cornell
• 
  Holy Hill Segment

See also

• Geological Features of Wisconsin
• List of hiking trails in Wisconsin
• Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, Geology of Wisconsin (1877)
• Ahnapee State Trail, which coincides with the Ice Age Trail in the north

Stages

• Quaternary glaciation
• Illinoian Stage
• Laurentide Ice Sheet
• Pleistocene
• Last glacial period
• Driftless Area

Components

• Interglacial (longer warm period during ice age, such as today)
• Interstadial (brief warm period during ice age, weaker than interglacial)
• Stadial (brief cooler period during interglacial, such as Older Dryas, Younger Dryas, Little Ice Age)
• Little ice age
• Post-glacial rebound
• Timeline of glaciation
• Canadian Shield
• Glacial history of Minnesota
• Lake Agassiz
• Wisconsin glaciation

References

Further reading

• Ice Age Trail Alliance. Ice Age Trail Atlas.
• Ice Age Trail Alliance. Ice Age Trail Companion Guide 2011.
• Mittlefehldt, Sarah. "The origins of Wisconsin's Ice Age Trail: Ray Zillner's path to protect the past," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 90, no. 3 (Spring 2007)
• Reuss, Henry S., Tanner, Gilbert, Dinsmore, Philip, Hellman, Robert, with The Milwaukee Public Museum, On the Trail of the Ice Age: a hiker’s and biker’s guide to Wisconsin’s Ice Age National Scientific Reserve and Trail (January 1976)
• Reuss, Henry S. (1990). On the trail of the Ice Age : a guide to Wisconsin's Ice Age National Reserve and Trail for hikers, bikers, and motorists. Sheboygan, Wisconsin: Ice Age Park and Trail Foundation. ISBN 0-9627079-0-2. LCCN 90082717.
• Smith, Bart (2008). Along Wisconsin's Ice Age Trail. The University of Wisconsin Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-299-22664-0.

External links

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