Irene Moorman Blackstone

African-American businesswoman and club member

Irene Moorman Blackstone
Moorman, 1907
Born
Irene L. Moorman

January 1872
Virginia
Diedafter 1944
NationalityAmerican
Other namesI. L. Moorman, Irena M. Blackstone, Irena Moorman-Blackston, Irene Moorman, Irene Morman, Irene Mormon, Irene M. Blackston, Irene Moorman-Blackstone
Occupation(s)Businesswoman, clubwoman, suffragette
Years active1895–1944

Irene Moorman Blackstone (January 1872 – after 1944) was an African-American businesswoman and club member who became active in the fight for women's suffrage. Along with Alva Belmont, she initiated the interracial cooperation of women in the drive for enfranchisement. When the 19th Amendment passed, she turned her activism toward the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and other programs which worked to uplift the black community and prevent the exclusion of and discrimination against blacks in attaining socio-economic and political equality.

Early life

Irene L. Moorman was born in January 1872 in Virginia.[1][2] Her mother was a former slave, Johanna (née Enders) Moorman, who had been born in Virginia and in her childhood moved to Washington, D. C.[3][4] Johanna later returned to Virginia, where she gave birth to 18 children[2] before bringing her daughter Irene and son Wilson to New Jersey.[5][6]

Career

Though a gifted singer, Moorman did not pursue music professionally, instead focusing on business development.[7] Around 1895, Moorman began a career as a sub-agent in the brokerage business. After four years, she began working at the Metropolitan Mercantile and Realty Company,[6] supervising the firm's operations in Brooklyn. She served on the board of the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, and was an active member of the women's auxiliary of the Negro Business League of New York.[8]

In 1906, she founded the Metropolitan Business Woman's Club of Brooklyn. The stated purpose of the club was to secure funding for the construction of a building which could be used for organizational meetings of black businesses and associations.[9] Her efforts were endorsed by several widely-known African-American activists, such as Dr. M. Cravath Simpson and Mary Church Terrell.[9][10]

After collecting sufficient funds, a building was secured and three rooms outfitted, as well as a business office. In 1909, Moorman incorporated the Moorman-Harper Company, with the purpose of managing the hall.[6] The action brought conflict from members of the Metropolitan Club, who alleged she had usurped the project for which they had raised the funds.[11] After judgments were brought against her,[12][13][14] Moorman began operating as a newsdealer.[15][16] In 1910, she took up the cause of suffrage, answering the call of Alva Belmont to join her Political Equality League.[17][18] She became a regular speaker in regard to women's suffrage,[19][20] bolstering her image as an active clubwoman and well-known socialist.[15][21]

On November 24 or 28, 1911 in Brooklyn, Moorman married James H. Blackston, a farmer and minister of the Negro Baptist Church.[22][23] The couple separated in May 1912[23] and Blackston struggled financially during their separation. She was investigated for alleged fraud for attempting to secure assistance through the mail system.[24][25] Rev. Blackston filed for an annulment in 1914. He lost his case that they had been married under false representations, claiming he did not know of her previous lawsuits. His case was dismissed in 1915 by the judge who ordered him to pay damages to his wife.[26] One year later, in March 1916, she sued for separation and was awarded alimony of $3 per week.[27]

That same year, Blackston was one of the people who attended Marcus Garvey's first public lecture in New York City[15] and in 1917, became the president of the Ladies' Division of the New York Chapter of Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).[28] When Garvey relocated his headquarters from Jamaica to New York City, in 1918, Blackston, Carrie B. Mero and Harriet Rogers were the three women who assisted him in incorporating the UNIA and were appointed to his six-member board of directors.[29][30] She continued her activities in various clubs and was often a featured singer or speaker, both locally and outside New York City, appearing in Philadelphia as well as at a memorial for Madam C. J. Walker in 1919.[31][32][33]

When the fight for women's suffrage ended with the passage of the 19th Amendment, Blackston, turned her attentions to Garveyism.[28] She became one of the first to purchase stock in his Black Star Line venture when it launched in 1919.[15] She recognized that political activism at the grassroots level was effective in lobbying for socio-economic equality. Long a proponent of uplifting black society and businesses, she suggested that blacks boycott white businesses and create their own enterprises to fill the gaps.[28] By the early 1920s, she was styling her name as Irene or Irena Moorman Blackstone and would use this name for the remainder of her life.[34][32]

In 1930, Blackstone was selected as vice president of the New York City Federation of Women's Clubs[35] and the following year, she took on the mantle of president of both the local branch and state branch of the federation.[36][37] Throughout the 1930s, she continued to speak and rally for recognition of the black community and women's rights.[37][38] Known as a fiery and inspiring speaker, she participated in debates rallying women to the Democratic Party[39] and urging the National Council of Women of the United States to defend the rights of all citizens to vote, regardless of their race or previous servitude.[36] In 1944, she was elected as a vice president in the Ethiopian World Federation.[40]

Death and legacy

Blackstone is remembered for her role in integrating the suffrage fight, bringing racial cooperation into the New York suffrage campaign.[41] She is also remembered for her long service in supporting black unity as a means to acquiring socio-economic and political equality. Irene Blackstone died at age 65 in the Bronx in New York City on April 14, 1951.[42] [29][43]

References

Citations

  1. ^ U. S. Census 1900, p. 20A.
  2. ^ a b U. S. Census 1910, p. 6A.
  3. ^ New York City Municipal Deaths 1928.
  4. ^ The New York Age 1928, p. 3.
  5. ^ The New York Age 1909b, p. 5.
  6. ^ a b c The New York Age 1909c, p. 3.
  7. ^ Diggs 1907, p. 229.
  8. ^ The New York Age 1908, p. 3.
  9. ^ a b Dodson 1907, p. 2.
  10. ^ The New York Age 1909d, p. 7.
  11. ^ The New York Age 1910a, p. 7.
  12. ^ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1910, p. 24.
  13. ^ The New York Times 1910c, p. 19.
  14. ^ The New York Times 1912, p. 11.
  15. ^ a b c d Garvey 1983, p. 224.
  16. ^ U. S. Census 1920, p. 8B.
  17. ^ The New York Times 1910a, p. 5.
  18. ^ The New York Times 1910b, p. 4.
  19. ^ The New York Age 1910b, p. 2.
  20. ^ The New York Age 1910c, p. 1.
  21. ^ The New York Age 1909a, p. 7.
  22. ^ The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1911, p. 5.
  23. ^ a b The Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1915, p. 10.
  24. ^ The New York Age 1912, p. 1.
  25. ^ The Sun 1912, p. 18.
  26. ^ The Daily Long Island Farmer 1915, p. 8.
  27. ^ The New York Tribune 1916, p. 4.
  28. ^ a b c Gallagher 2012, p. 33.
  29. ^ a b Blain 2018, p. 22.
  30. ^ James 1998, p. 138.
  31. ^ The New York Tribune 1919, p. 9.
  32. ^ a b The New York Age 1921, p. 7.
  33. ^ The New York Age 1925, p. 10.
  34. ^ The New York Age 1920, p. 8.
  35. ^ The New York Age 1930, p. 5.
  36. ^ a b The New York Age 1931b, p. 5.
  37. ^ a b The New York Age 1931c, p. 3.
  38. ^ Mason 1935, p. 2.
  39. ^ The New York Age 1931a, p. 2.
  40. ^ The New York Age 1944, p. 5.
  41. ^ Mayo 2017.
  42. ^ Ancestry.com. New York, New York, U.S., Death Index, 1949-1965 [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2017. Original data: New York City Department of Health, courtesy of www.vitalsearch-worldwide.com. Digital Images.
  43. ^ Gallagher 2012, p. 1.

Bibliography

  • Blain, Keisha N. (2018). Set the World on Fire: Black Nationalist Women and the Global Struggle for Freedom. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-9477-4.
  • Diggs, Eveline (March 1907). "People Talked About". The Colored American Magazine. Vol. XII, no. 8. New York, New York: Moore Publishing and Printing Co. pp. 226–230. OCLC 1564200. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  • Dodson, Nathaniel B. (December 12, 1907). "Business Women's Club". The New York Age. New York, New York. p. 2. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • Gallagher, Julie A. (2012). Black Women and Politics in New York City. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03696-5.
  • Garvey, Marcus (1983). Hill, Robert A. (ed.). The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers. Vol. I: 1826 – August 1919. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04456-2.
  • James, Winston (1998). Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: Caribbean Radicalism in Early Twentieth-century America. London, England: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-999-6.
  • Mason, Lillian (January 12, 1935). "Various Speakers Discuss Forecast of Negro for 1935". The New York Age. New York, New York. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • Mayo, Edith (2017). "African American Women Leaders in the Suffrage Movement". suffragistmemorial.org. Fairfax Station, Virginia: Turning Point Suffragist Memorial Association. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  • "1900 U. S. Census: Jersey City Ward 10, Hudson, New Jersey". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. June 12, 1900. p. 20A. Microfilm series T623, Roll #979, lines 35–40. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  • "1910 U. S. Census: Queens Ward 4, New York City, New York". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. April 19, 1910. p. 6A. Microfilm series T624, Roll #1065, lines 44–45. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  • "1920 U. S. Census: Manhattan (Assembly District 19), New York City, New York". FamilySearch. Washington, D. C.: National Archives and Records Administration. January 7, 1920. p. 8B. Microfilm series T625, Roll #1221, lines 67–68. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  • "Arrested on Fraud Charge by Government". The New York Age. New York, New York. June 13, 1912. p. 1. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Ethiopians Hold Rally". The New York Age. New York, New York. January 1, 1944. p. 5. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Federation of Women's Clubs Hold Big Public Meeting at Bethel". The New York Age. New York, New York. February 14, 1931. p. 5. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Fishermen of Galilee in 1st Annual Reception". The New York Age. New York, New York. March 14, 1931. p. 3. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Judgments". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. April 29, 1910. p. 24. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Judgments Entered". The New York Times. New York, New York. July 25, 1912. p. 11. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Literary League Meets". The New York Age. New York, New York. December 15, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Manhattan Personals". The New York Age. New York, New York. June 13, 1925. p. 10. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Manhattan Personals". The New York Age. New York, New York. February 7, 1931. p. 2. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Marriage Licenses". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. November 28, 1911. p. 5. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Memorial Service Held for Mrs. C. J. Walker". The New York Tribune. New York, New York. June 9, 1919. p. 9. Retrieved February 23, 2019.
  • "Miss Moorman Replies to Metropolitan Club". The New York Age. New York, New York. March 10, 1910. p. 7. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Mother Zion Church". The New York Age. New York, New York. January 11, 1930. p. 5. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Mrs. Joanna Mooreman, Old New Yorker, Dead". The New York Age. New York, New York. October 6, 1928. p. 3. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Mrs. Blackston Wins Suit" (PDF). The Daily Long Island Farmer. Jamaica, Queens County, New York. April 1, 1915. p. 8. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  • "Negro Women Join in Suffrage Fight". The New York Times. New York, New York. February 7, 1910. p. 4. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "New York City Municipal Deaths 1795–1949: Johanna Enders Moorman". FamilySearch. Manhattan, New York: New York Municipal Archives. September 14, 1928. FHL microfilm 2056707, reference #cn 23449. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  • "Pastor Seeks Divorce". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. Brooklyn, New York. January 29, 1915. p. 10. Retrieved February 19, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Plan Hall for Brooklyn". The New York Age. New York, New York. December 24, 1908. p. 3. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Past Week in Brooklyn". The New York Age. New York, New York. July 8, 1909. p. 5. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Rush Memorial A. M. E. Zion Church". The New York Age. New York, New York. October 29, 1921. p. 7. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "State Federation Holds Meeting". The New York Age. New York, New York. March 18, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Suffrage for Negresses". The New York Times. New York, New York. January 19, 1910. p. 5. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Supreme Court — Special Term — Part III". The New York Times. New York, New York. April 17, 1910. p. 19. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "The Moorman-Harper Co". The New York Age. New York, New York. September 9, 1909. p. 3. Retrieved February 20, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "(untitled)". The New York Age. New York, New York. November 18, 1909. p. 7. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Wanted". The New York Age. New York, New York. May 8, 1920. p. 8. Retrieved February 23, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Woman's Day at Mother Zion". The New York Age. New York, New York. May 5, 1910. p. 2. Retrieved February 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  • "Wouldn't Drink His Coffee" (PDF). The New York Tribune. Manhattan, New York. March 1, 1916. p. 4. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  • "Wrote to Mrs. Harriman" (PDF). The Sun. Vol. LXXIX, no. 282. New York, New York. June 8, 1912. p. 18. Retrieved February 19, 2019.