Kanazukai

Orthographic rules for spelling

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Kanazukai (仮(か)名(な)遣(づか)い, ‘kana usage’) are the orthographic rules for spelling Japanese in kana. All phonographic systems (of which kana is an example) attempt to account accurately the pronunciation in their spellings. However, pronunciation and accents change over time and phonemic distinctions are often lost. Various systems of kanazukai were introduced to deal with the disparity between the written and spoken versions of Japanese.

Historical systems

The former mainstream kana usage, or the Kyū-Kanazukai (旧(きゅう)仮(か)名(な)遣(づかい), ‘old kana usage’), is based on classical texts, especially man'yōgana. Created by Keichū in the early Edo period, it is also known as the Keichū Kanazukai. It was the mainstream kanazukai until the Gendai Kanazukai was introduced in 1946.^[1]

There were other minor systems throughout history that are now defunct:

Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai (Japanese: 上代特殊仮名遣い): a modified Man'yōgana where /e, je/ are distinct.
Teika Kanazukai (Japanese: 定家仮名遣い): created by Fujiwara no Teika, it distinguishes between /wo, o/, /i, hi, wi/, /e, we, he/, and also (to a lesser degree) /e, je/. /wo, o/ were used to express high and low accent, respectively.
Gyōa Kanazukai (Japanese: 行阿仮名遣い), also known as Kanamojizukai (Japanese: 仮名文字遣い): created by Minamoto no Chikayuki [ja] and his grandson Gyōa [ja], which expanded on the Teika Kanazukai by distinguishing between /ho/, /wa, ha/, /u, hu/, and /mu/. /wo, o/ are still used to distinguish between high and low accent. However, the distinction between /e, je/ is obliterated.

Gendai Kanazukai

Derived from the Kyū-Kanazukai, gendai kanazukai is a revision to more approximate modern pronunciation that is still used currently.^[2] As an adaption of the Kyū-Kanazukai, it is still not entirely phonetic, especially in respect to long vowels and particles.

References

^ Konno, Shinji; 今野真二 (2014). Kanazukai no rekishi : Nihongo o kaku to iu koto. Tōkyō-to Chūō-ku. ISBN 978-4-12-102254-7. OCLC 871234246.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke; 金田一京助. (1992–1993). Kindaichi Kyōsuke zenshū. Kindaichi Kyōsuke Zenshū Henshū Iinkai, 金田一京助全集編集委員会. Tōkyō: Sanseidō. ISBN 4-385-40801-7. OCLC 26841665.

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Western	Hokuriku Kaga Kanazawa Shiramine Kansai Awaji Banshū Kishū Okuyoshino Shikoku Iyo Tosa Sanuki Chūgoku San'yō Bingo East San'in Inshū Umpaku
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Pidgins and creoles

Japonic languages

Eastern Old Japanese Hachijō grammar
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Writing system

Logograms	Script reform Kanbun Kanji by stroke count Kanji radicals by frequency by stroke count Kokuji Ryakuji Ateji
Kana	Hiragana Katakana Furigana Okurigana Gojūon Man'yōgana Hentaigana Sōgana Kana ligature
Orthography	Braille Kanji Punctuation Kanazukai Historical kana Modern kana Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai Yotsugana Transcription into Japanese
Encoding	EUC EUC-JP ISO/IEC 2022 JIS 0201 0208 0211 0212 0213 Shift JIS Unicode Hiragana Kana Extended-A Kana Extended-B Kana Supplement Small Kana Extension Katakana Katakana Phonetic Extensions Other ARIB STD B24 Enclosed EIS Extended shinjitai Half/Full