Kendayan language

Malayic Dayak language of Borneo
Kendayan
Kanayatn, Salako
Native toIndonesia, Malaysia
RegionBorneo
Native speakers
330,000 (2007)[1]
Language family
Austronesian
  • Malayo-Polynesian
    • Malayic
      • Kendayan
Dialects
  • Belangin
Language codes
ISO 639-3knx
Glottologkend1254

Kendayan, or Salako (Selako), is a Malayic Dayak language of Borneo. The exact number of speakers remains unknown, but is estimated to be around 350,000.[2]

The name Kendayan is preferred in Kalimantan, Indonesia, and Salako in Sarawak, Malaysia. It is sometimes referred to as bahasa Badameà, particularly in Bengkayang Regency and the areas near Singkawang City.[3] Other dialects of Kendayan include Ahe, Banana and Belangin. Speakers of any of the dialects can understand speakers of any of the others.

Language context

A speaker of Bedamea.

Salako is spoken in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia and the province of West Kalimantan in Indonesia.[3] There are speakers in Sambas and Bengkayang Regencies and in Singkawang. Other dialects are spoken in the Pontianak, Bengkawang and Landak Regencies of West Kalimantan.

It is said that Singkawang in southern Sambas is the place of origin of Salako speakers.

Dialects spoken in West Kalimantan have been influenced by the Indonesian, which is the national language of Indonesia. This is the language used in official contexts, schools, the media and in church.[3] In Sarawak, the influence of Malay has been less significant, as it became the national language more recently.[3]

Kendayan is a vital language that is used in the community and at home. The Ahe variety is also spoken as a lingua franca by native speakers with Land Dayak groups.[3] However, younger speakers are typically educated through Indonesian away from the villages, which could affect language vitality in the future.[3]

Comparison with other neighbouring languages

English Malay-Indonesian Kanayatn Belangin/Balangin Banjarese Ngaju Bakumpai
that yang nang nang nang ijē ji
old tua tuha tua tuha bakas bakas
people orang urakng urak; uhak urang oloh uluh
quiet (adjective) diam/sunyi/senyap diapm diap diam Benyem/Tunis
woman/female perempuan bini mbini bibini bawi bawi
hometown kampung halaman binua binua banua lewun lebu
face muka muha muá muha baụ
one satu asa satu asa ijẹ ije
two dua dua dua dua due due
three tiga talu tege talu telo telo
single (relationship status) bujang bujakng bujak bujangan bujang/salia
shy malu supantn'/supe malu supan hamen/mahamen
village kampung kampokng kampong kampung lewu
bride pengantin panganten penganten panganten panganten
bald botak/gundul pala' botak longor borang
stupid bodoh baga mangkak; baga bungul mameh
drunk mabuk kamabuk mabu'k mabuk busau
swimming berenang ngunanang benanang; nyon'yong bakunyung/bananang hanangui

References

  1. ^ Kendayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Thomas, Joseph, J. B. Mangunsudarsono, Hery Suryatman and Abdussamad. 1985. Morfologi kata kerja bahasa Kendayan. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa (Departmenen Pedidikan dan Kebudayan)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Adelaar (2005)

Source

  • Adelaar, K. Alexander (2005). Salako or Badamea: Sketch Grammar, Text and Lexicon of a Kanayatn Dialect in West Borneo. Frankfurter Forschungen zu Südostasien, volume 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

Further reading

  • Alexander Adelaar. 2006. Where does Belangin belong?. In Fritz Schulze and Holger Warnk (eds.), Insular Southeast Asia: Linguistic and cultural studies in Honour of Bernd Nothofer, 65–84. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • Burkhardt, Jey Lingam. 2007. Group interaction patterns as observed in informal learning events among pre-literate/semi-literate Salako women.
  • Dunselman, Donatus. 1949, 1949, 1950. Bijdrage tot de kennis van de taal en adat der Kendajan Dajaks van West-Borneo. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië 105, 105, 106. 59–105, 147–218, 321–371.
  • Hermann, Paulus. 1988. A contrastive study on Kendayan and English consonants for the prediction of pronunciation difficulties. MA Thesis, Department of English, Faculty of Arts and Letters, Teaching Training College (IKIP), Yogyakarta.
  • Hudson, Alfred B. 1970. A Note on Selako: Malayic Dayak and Land Dayak Languages in Western Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal 18. 301–318.
  • Lansau, Donatos. 1981. Struktur bahasa Kendayan. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Joseph, Thomas. 1984. Morfologi dan sintaksis bahasa Kendayan. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  • Sukamto. 1993. Tata bahasa Kendayan. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

External links

  • Portions of the Book of Common Prayer for Salako speakers, digitized by Richard Mammana and Charles Wohlers
Kendayan language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  • v
  • t
  • e
Malayo-Sumbawan
Javanese
Celebic
Lampungic
Northwest Sumatra–
Barrier Islands
South Sulawesi
Barito
Kayan–Murik
Land Dayak
North Bornean
Philippine languages
Central Philippine
Gorontalo-Mongondow
Minahasan
Sangiric
Aru
Central Maluku
Flores–Lembata
Halmahera-
Cenderawasih
Kei-Tanimbar
Selaru
Sumba–Flores
Timor–Babar
Western Oceanic
North Halmahera
Timor–Alor–Pantar
Asmat–Mombum
West Bird's Head
South Bird's Head
East Bird's Head
West Bomberai
Dani
Paniai Lakes
Digul River
Foja Range
Lakes Plain
East Cenderawasih Bay
Yawa
Demta–Sentani
Ok
Momuna–Mek
Skou
South Pauwasi
East Pauwasi
West Pauwasi
Kaure–Kosare
Marind–Yaqai
Bulaka River
Kayagar
Border
Senagi
Mairasi
Kolopom
Yam
Lower Mamberamo
Others
Other languages
Creoles and Pidgins
Malay-based creoles
Other creoles and pidgins
Immigrant languages
Chinese
European
Indian
Middle Eastern
Others
Sign languages
  • v
  • t
  • e
Main
Official
Families
Natives &
Indigenous
Nationwide
Peninsular
Malaysia
East
Malaysia
Significant
minority
Chinese
Indian
Indonesian
archipelago
Philippine
Creoles
Mixed & Others
Immigrants
Signs
Main
By states
  • 1 Extinct languages
  • 2 Nearly extinct languages
  • v
  • t
  • e
Rukaic
Tsouic
Northern
Atayalic
Northwest
Formosan
East
Kavalanic
Ami
Siraiyac
Southern ?
Philippine
(linkage) ?
Batanic (Bashiic)
Northern Luzon
Cagayan Valley
Meso-Cordilleran
Central Cordilleran
Southern Cordilleran
Central Luzon
Sambalic
Northern Mindoro
Greater Central
Philippine
Southern Mindoro
Central Philippine
Tagalogic
Bikol
Bisayan
Mansakan
(unclassified)
  • Ata †
Palawanic
Subanen
Danao
Manobo
Gorontalo–Mongondow
Kalamian
Bilic
Sangiric
Minahasan
Other branches
Manide–Alabat
Greater Barito *
Barito
Sama–Bajaw
Greater
North Borneo *
North Borneo *
Northeast Sabah *
Southwest Sabah *
Greater
Dusunic *
Bisaya–Lotud
Dusunic
Paitanic
Greater
Murutic *
Murutic
North Sarawak *
Central Sarawak
Kayanic
Land Dayak
Malayo–Chamic *
Aceh–Chamic
Iban–Malayan
Ibanic
Sundanese
Rejang ?
Moklenic ?
Sumatran *
Northwest Sumatra
–Barrier Islands
Batak
Lampungic
Javanese
Madurese
Bali–Sasak
–Sumbawa
Celebic
Bungku–Tolaki
Muna–Buton
Saluan–Banggai
Tomini–Tolitoli *
Kaili–Wolio *
Kaili–Pamona
Wotu–Wolio
South Sulawesi
Bugis
Makassar
Seko–Badaic *
Seko
Badaic
Northern
Massenrempulu
Pitu Ulunna Salu
Toraja
Isolates
Bima
Sumba–Flores
Sumba–Hawu
Savu
Sumba
Western Flores
Flores–Lembata
Lamaholot
Selaru
Kei–Tanimbar ?
Aru
Timoric *
Central Timor *
Wetar–Galoli ?
Kawaimina
Luangic–Kisaric ?
Rote–Meto
Babar
Southwest Maluku
Kowiai ?
Central Maluku *
West
East
Nunusaku
Piru Bay ?
SHWNG
Halmahera Sea
Ambel–Biga
Maya–Matbat
Maden
As
South Halmahera
Cenderawasih
Biakic
Yapen
Southwest
Oceanic
Admiralty
Eastern
Western
Saint Matthias
Temotu
Utupua
Vanikoro
Reefs–Santa Cruz
Southeast
Solomonic
Gela–Guadalcanal
Malaita–
San Cristobal
Western
Oceanic
Meso–
Melanesian
Willaumez
Bali-Vitu
New Ireland–
Northwest
Solomonic
Tungag–Nalik
Tabar
Madak
St. George
Northwest
Solomonic
North
New Guinea
Sarmi–
Jayapura ?
Schouten
Huon Gulf
Ngero–Vitiaz
Papuan Tip
Nuclear
Kilivila–Misima
Nimoa–Sudest
Southern
Oceanic
North
Vanuatu
Torres–Banks
Maewo–Ambae–
North Pentecost
South Pentecost
Espiritu Santo
Nuclear
Southern
Oceanic
Central
Vanuatu
Epi
Malakula
South Vanuatu
Erromango
Tanna
Loyalties–
New Caledonia
Loyalty Islands
New Caledonian
Southern
Northern
Micronesian
Nuclear
Micronesian
Chuukic–
Pohnpeic
Chuukic
Pohnpeic
Central
Pacific
West
East
Polynesian
Nuclear
Polynesian
Samoic
Eastern
Futunic
Tongic
  • * indicates proposed status
  • ? indicates classification dispute
  • † indicates extinct status