List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls

Many buildings in Egypt can be put under the classification of castles, citadels, forts, and fortifications.

List by age

Pharaonic

Lower Egypt

• Fortification of Memphis^[2]
• Fort of Walls of the Prince (inebw heka), Eastern Delta.^[2]
• Fortress of Wadi Natrun, western Delta.^[2]
• Rhakotis fort, Alexandria^[3]
• Tahpanhes fort or Castle of the Jew's Daughter
• Heliopolis Fortifications.^[4]

Middle Egypt

• Pi-Sekhemkheperre, near Herakleopolis Magna

Upper Egypt

• Kom el-Ahmar (Hierakonpolis) fortifications^[2]
• Fortress of Abydos^[2]
• Shunet ez Zebib forts near Abydos
• Medinet Habu New Kingdom fortification^[2]
• El-Kab fortifications^[2]
• Thebes fortifications.^[4]

Sinai

• The Way of Horus coastal forts, Sinai^[2]
• Tharu castle, Sinai^[2]
• Qantara East fort, Sinai^[5]
• Kolsum castle, Suez^[6]
• Boto Fort of Seti I, (Qatia area), Sinai.^[7]
• Tell-Huba Fortress, Sinai^[8]
• Pelusium Fort,^[9]
• Tharu city fortifications.^[10][11]

Western Desert

• Siwa Oasis fortification, Western desert of Egypt^[12]

• QasrAllam fort

Nubia

• The ancient castle at Buhen^[13][14]
• Fort of Kubban, Nubia^[2]
• Semna fortification^[2][15]
• Kumma fort^[2][15]
• Aniba Fort^[2]
• Uronarti fort^[2][15]
• Mirgissa fort^[2][15]
• Shalfak fort^[2][15]
• Askut fort^[2][15]
• Senusret I-III seventeen south fortresses.^[2][15]
• Dabenarti fort^[2][15]
• Faras Fort^[2]
• Serra Fort.^[2]

Persian

• Persian fort of Rhakortis, North coast

Greco-Roman

Cairo

• Fort Babylon, Cairo^[16]

Delta

• Naucratis Greek fort

Kharga Oasis

• Ain Umm Dabadib fort, Kharga Oasis.^[17][18]
• El Deir fort, Kharga Oasis.^[17][18]
• Qasr el Labeka fort, Kharga Oasis.^[17][18]
• Qasr Sumaria fort, Kharga Oasis.^[17][18]
• Qasr el Geb fort, Kharga Oasis.^[17][18]
• Al-Haiz fort, Bahariya Oasis.
• Nadura fort, Kharga Oasis^[18]
• Qasr el-Ghueita fort, Kharga Oasis^[18]
• Qasr el-Zayyan fort, Kharga Oasis^[18]

Red Sea

• Castellum of Badia, Gebel Abu Dukhan, near Hurghada, Red Sea^[19][20][21]
• Abu Sha'ar Fort, Red Sea.^[19]

Fayoum

• Temple of Stones fort, Fayoum.^[19][22]
• Der el Memun, fort where Anthony the Great lived, across from Faiyum.

Lower Egypt

• Al-Heita fort, Eastern desert, Qena.^[23]

Sinai

• Saint Catherine's Monastery fortification, Mount Sinai in the Sinai Peninsula (by Justinian I 548–565)^[24]

North coast

• Alexandria fortifications ^[25]
• Taposiris Magna Fortress, Alexandria ^{[citation needed]}

Islamic

Cairo

• Cairo Citadel, Mukkattam, Cairo
• Ayyubid Cairo City Fortification
• Gates of Cairo
• Al Fustat city walls^[26]

Alexandria

• Citadel of Qaitbay, Alexandria
• Fortification of Bab Rosetta, Alexandria^[27]
• Qaitbey Citadel, Rosetta (known as Fort Julien)

Red Sea & Eastern desert

• Quseir Castle ^[28]

Sinai

• Salah El-Din castle, Pharaoh's Island, Sinai ^[29]
• Nweiba' Castle ^[29]
• Qalaat Al-Gindi, Ras Sedr, Sinai^[29][30][31]
• Al-Arish citadel ^[29][32]
• Nakhl citadel^[29][32][33]
• Farma citadel ^[29][32]
• El Tina castle, North Sinai^[34]

Western desert

• Siwa oasis fort^{[35][36][37][38]}
• Shali fortified village, Siwa Oasis.^[39]

Modern Egypt

Cairo

Alexandria & North coast

• Fort Julien, Rosetta Fort.
• Agami Fort, Alexandria (by French occupation) ^[40]
• Abu Qir Castle (was used by Mohammed Ali as a prison)

Western Desert

• Mersa Matruh Fortifications (1941 AD)^[41][42]
• Sidi Barrani Fortifications (1941 AD) ^{[43][44][45][46]}
• Alam el Halfa Fortifications (1941 AD)^[47][48][49]
• Sollum fortified base camp (1941 AD) ^[50]
• Halfaya Pass Fortification (1941 AD)^[51][52][53]
• Bir-Hakeim fort (1942 AD) ^[54]

Sinai

• Al-Arish castle
• Sharm El-Sheikh fortification by Egypt (1954 AD) ^[55][56]
• Castle Zaman, Sinai ^[57]

Suez canal

• Adgerud castle, Suez.^[6]
• Kolsum castle, Suez.^[6]
• Bar Lev Line
  • Fort Lahtzanit
  • Fort Budapest

Red Sea & Eastern Desert

• Green Island (Egypt) Fortification, Red Sea (1969 AD)
• Shadwan island fortifications, Red Sea (1960s AD)

List by areas & time

Western Desert

• Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, a Ramesside fort near the Libyan coast where trade goods were found. For example, cakes of Egyptian blue pigment, brought there for export, were found,^[58] along with indications of exotic imports such as olive oil and wine.^[59]

Alexandria

• Qaitbey Castle.
• Fort Pharos
• Fort Silsileh
• Fort Adda
• Fort Ras-el-Tin
• Fort Marabout
• Fort Adjemi
• Marza-el-Kana
• Citadel of Mex
• Fort Kamaria
• Fort Om Qabeba
• Fort Saleh Aga

Rosetta

• Fort Julien

Port Said

• El Gamil

Damietta

• Ezzbet El-Borg Defensive tower.
• Urabi Fort.
• Old Damietta city wall & Fortifications.

Sinai castles, forts, fortifications and citadels

• 13th century BC The Way of Horus coastal & Sinai forts.^[2]
• 13th century BC Tharu castle.^[2]
• 13th century BC Boto Fort (by Seti I), (Qatia area), Sinai.^[7]
• 13th century BC Tel Habwa Fort (by Seti I), (Qantara area), Sinai^[5][7]
• 13th century BC Tel Kadwa Fort, Sinai^[60]
• 13th century BC Tel Al Hebr Fort, Sinai^[60]
• 13th century BC Kharouba Fort, Sinai^[60]
• 13th century BC Baer Al-Abd Fort, Sinai^[60]
• Unknown time Pharonic El Tina castle, Beer Al Abd, North Sinai^[5][7][34]
• Circa 100 BC Ptolemaic Fort of Tal Abou Sayfi, South of Qantara Sharq city.^[7]
• 200 AD Roman Fort of Tal Abou Sayfi, South of Qantara Sharq city (by Emperor Maximinus Thrax).^[7]
• Unknown time Roman Lahfen castle near Al-Arish.^[7]
• Saint Catherine's Monastery fortification, Mount Sinai, Sinai Peninsula.
• 640 AD Farma (Pelusium) citadel.^[7][29][32]
• 7th century AD Justinian's Strasini Fort, Tel Felosiyia, near Pelusium.^[7]
• 7th century AD Garha Roman fort, on Bardawil lake, North Sinai.^[7]
• Unknown time Byzantine fort, qaseema, Hosna, Middle Sinai.^[7]
• Unknown time Al-Mohammadyia Arabic Fort, Beer Al Abd, North Sinai.^[7]
• 1115 AD Al-Soubak Fort (by Baldwin), Wadi Araba.^[7]
• 1116 Ad Aiyla fort (by Baldwin), Aiyla city, Aqaba bay.^[7]
• 1116 AD Pharaoh Island Fort (by Baldwin), Aqaba bay.^[7]
• 1117 AD Wadi Musa fort (by Baldwin).^[7]
• 1181 AD Aiyla Island Castle (by Ayyobids).^[7]
• 1182 AD Salah El-Din castle Sedr, Sinai.^[7]
• 1184 AD Qalaat Al-Gindi (by Saladin), Ras Sedr, Sinai.^{[7][29][30][31]}
• 1184 AD Salah El-Din castle, Taba (Pharaoh Island), Sinai.^[7][29]
• 1516 AD Al-Arish citadel (by Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri).^[7][29][32]
• 1516 AD Al-Baghla fort (by Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri).^[7]
• 1516 AD Naqab Al-Aqaba Fort(by Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri).^[7]
• 1516 AD An-Nakhl Fortress (by Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri).^{[7][29][32][33]}
• 1799 AD Qatiyah Fort, West of sinai (by General Lograng of Napoleon Army).^[7]
• 1799 Siege of El Arish Castle
• 1893 Nuweiba Castle.^[7][29]
• 1910s Turkish Fortifications at Hosna, middle Sinai.^[7]
• 1910s Turkish Fortifications at Al-Arish Castle, North Sinai.^[7]
• 1910s Turkish Fortifications at Nekhel, Sinai.^[7]
• 1910s Turkish Fortifications at Salah El Din Castle, South Sinai.^[7]
• 1960s & 1970s Egyptian Defensive fortifications built by Egyptian Armed forces during the Attrition war on the Western bank of Suez canal & Bar Lev Line of fortifications on Eastern side of Suez Canal (by Israel occupation forces).^[7]
• 1990s Touristic Castle Zaman, Sinai ^[57]
• Unknown time Ain al Qudairat Fort, Hosna, North Sinai.^[7]

See also

1. ^ UNESCO, Decision Text, World Heritage Centre, retrieved 21 July 2017
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w} Ancient Egypt military architecture
3. ^ Alexander the Great
4. ^ ^{a b} Tandamane works
5. ^ ^{a b c} "Qantara East history". Archived from the original on 2008-05-19. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
6. ^ ^{a b c} Niebuhr travels
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af} Said Aly Sinai, the Meaning and Importance (in Arabic) ISBN 977-437-760-5
8. ^ Large old Sinai fortress
9. ^ Ramsis II Pelusium Fort
10. ^ Tharu fortifications
11. ^ Tharu castle thesis
12. ^ Siwa Oasis
13. ^ Buhen castle
14. ^ Ancient Egypt architecture
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Egyptian Fortresses in Nubia Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Babylon fort history & photos
17. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Roman forts in Kharga Oasis". Archived from the original on 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Kharga Oasis
19. ^ ^{a b c} Porphyrite
20. ^ Castellum of Badia
21. ^ Red Sea Roman fort wall
22. ^ "Fayoum Roman fort". Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
23. ^ Qena
24. ^ Egypt history
25. ^ Alexandria histories
26. ^ "Al Fustat city walls". Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
27. ^ Alexandria history
28. ^ Quseir Fort^{[permanent dead link]}
29. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Sinai castles Archived 2008-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ ^{a b} Photo of Qalaat Al-Gindi
31. ^ ^{a b} Photos
32. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "North Sinai forts". Archived from the original on 2008-11-18. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
33. ^ ^{a b} Description of Nakhl Fortress
34. ^ ^{a b} El Tina castle
35. ^ Siwa fot photo
36. ^ Siwa Villa & Fort photo
37. ^ Rain damage of Siwa fort
38. ^ "Siwa old photos". Archived from the original on 2008-07-08. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
39. ^ Siwa Oasis
40. ^ "Alex history". Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
41. ^ Marsa Matrouh
42. ^ Matruh Fortified position
43. ^ Italian invasion of Egypt
44. ^ Africa Korps Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine
45. ^ Sidi Barani fortified camps
46. ^ 1.JmA - Compass
47. ^ North Africa battle
48. ^ Fortified Alam el Halfa
49. ^ Fortified Alam el Halfa
50. ^ Sollum Fortified camp
51. ^ Operation Crusader
52. ^ Battle of the Omars
53. ^ North Africa campagain
54. ^ "le général Rommel". Archived from the original on 2006-03-23. Retrieved 2008-07-21.
55. ^ sharm-al-shaykh
56. ^ Fry, Michael, and Hochstein, Miles. "The Forgotten Middle East Crisis of 1957: Gaza and Sharm el Sheikh." International History Review 15 (1993): 46 - 83 "The Forgotten Middle East Crisis of 1957: Gaza and Sharm el Sheikh."
57. ^ ^{a b} Castle Zaman
58. ^ Rehren, Th., Pusch, E.B. & Herold, A. (2001). "Problems and possibilities in workshop reconstruction: Qantir and the organization of LBA glass working sites". In A.J. Shortland (ed.). The social context of technological change, Egypt and the Near East 1650–1550 BC. Proceedings of a conference held at St Edmund Hall, Oxford 12–14 September 2000. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1-84217-050-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
59. ^ "The Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham Project - Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology - University of Liverpool". www.liverpool.ac.uk.
60. ^ ^{a b c d} "مصر تكتشف بقايا قلعة عسكرية فرعونية في سيناء". 5 June 2008.