List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

  • Top left: Robert Walpole, considered to be the first de facto prime minister of Great Britain.
  • Top right: Winston Churchill, prime minister during World War II.
  • Bottom left: Margaret Thatcher, the first female prime minister.
  • Bottom right: Rishi Sunak, the incumbent, and first British Asian prime minister.

The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the principal minister of the crown of His Majesty's Government, and the head of the British Cabinet. There is no specific date for when the office of prime minister first appeared, as the role was not created but rather evolved over a period of time through a merger of duties.[1] The term was regularly, if informally, used of Robert Walpole by the 1730s.[2] It was used in the House of Commons as early as 1805,[3] and it was certainly in parliamentary use by the 1880s,[4] although did not become the official title until 1905.

Modern historians generally consider Robert Walpole, who led the government of the Kingdom of Great Britain for over twenty years from 1721,[5] as the first prime minister. Walpole is also the longest-serving British prime minister by this definition.[6] By the same consideration the first prime minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was William Pitt the Younger at its creation on 1 January 1801.[7] The first to use the title in an official act was Benjamin Disraeli, who, in 1878, signed the Treaty of Berlin as "Prime Minister of Her Britannic Majesty".[8]

In 1905, the post of prime minister was officially given recognition in the order of precedence,[9] with the incumbent Henry Campbell-Bannerman the first officially referred to as "prime minister".

The first prime minister of the current United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland upon its effective creation in 1922 (when 26 Irish counties seceded and created the Irish Free State) was Bonar Law,[10] although the country was not renamed officially until 1927, when Stanley Baldwin was the serving prime minister.[11] The incumbent prime minister is Rishi Sunak, who assumed office on 25 October 2022.

Before the Kingdom of Great Britain

Before the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, the figure of the prime minister can be compared to that of the Lord High Treasurer[12] who led the Treasury of England. By the late Tudor period, the Lord High Treasurer was regarded as one of the Great Officers of State,[12] and was often (though not always) the dominant figure in government: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (lord high treasurer, 1547–1549),[13] served as lord protector to his young nephew King Edward VI;[13] William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (lord high treasurer, 1572–1598),[14] was the dominant minister to Queen Elizabeth I;[14] Burghley's son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, succeeded his father as Chief Minister to Elizabeth (1598–1603) and was eventually appointed by King James I as lord high treasurer (1608–1612).[15]

By the late Stuart period, the Treasury was often run not by a single individual (i.e., the lord high treasurer) but by a commission of lords of the Treasury,[16] led by the first lord of the Treasury. The last lords high treasurer, Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin (1702–1710) and Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (1711–1714),[17] in fact ran the government of Queen Anne[18] and therefore can be considered de facto prime ministers.[19]

From 1707 to 1721

Following the succession of George I in 1714, the arrangement of a commission of lords of the Treasury (as opposed to a single lord high treasurer) became permanent.[1] For the next three years, the government was headed by Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, who was appointed Secretary of State for the Northern Department.[2] Subsequently, Lords Stanhope and Sunderland ran the government jointly,[3] with Stanhope managing foreign affairs and Sunderland domestic.[3] Stanhope died in February 1721 and Sunderland resigned two months later;[3] Townshend and Robert Walpole were then invited to form the next government.[4] From that point, the holder of the office of first lord also usually (albeit unofficially) held the status of prime minister. It was not until the Edwardian era that the title prime minister was constitutionally recognised.[5] The prime minister still holds the office of first lord by constitutional convention,[6] the only exceptions being Lords Chatham (1766–1768) and Salisbury (1885–1886, 1886–1892, 1895–1902).[7]

Since 1721

Prime ministers

    •   Whig (16)
    •   Tory (10)
    •   Conservative (20)
    •   Liberal (7)
    •   Labour (6)
    •   Scottish Unionists (2)
    •   National Labour (1)
    •   Peelite (1)
    • List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom since 1721
    Portrait Prime minister
    Office
    (Lifespan)
    		 Term of office Mandate[a] Ministerial offices held as prime minister Party Government Monarch
    Reign
    Start End Duration
    ​ Robert Walpole [8]
    • MP for King's Lynn
    • (1676–1745)
    3 April
    1721
    11 February
    1742     		20 years, 315 days 1722 Whig Walpole–​Townshend George I
    George I of Great Britain
    r. 1714–1727
    1727 George II
    George II of Great Britain
    r. 1727–1760
    1734 Walpole
    1741
    Spencer Compton [9]
    16 February
    1742
    2 July
    1743     		1 year, 137 days[b] — Carteret
    Henry Pelham [10]
    • MP for Sussex
    • (1694–1754)
    27 August
    1743
    6 March
    1754     		10 years, 192 days[b] — Broad Bottom I
    1747 Broad Bottom II
    Thomas Pelham-Holles [11]
    16 March
    1754
    11 November
    1756     		2 years, 241 days 1754 Newcastle I
    William Cavendish [12]
    16 November
    1756
    29 June
    1757     		226 days — Pitt–​Devonshire
    1757 Caretaker
    Thomas Pelham-Holles [13]
    29 June
    1757
    26 May
    1762     		4 years, 332 days 1761 Pitt–​Newcastle
    Bute–​Newcastle
    (Tory–​Whig)
    		 George III
    George III of Great Britain
    r. 1760–1820
    John Stuart [14]
    26 May
    1762
    8 April
    1763     		318 days — Tory Bute
    George Grenville [15]
    • MP for Buckingham
    • (1712–1770)
    16 April
    1763
    10 July
    1765     		2 years, 86 days — Whig Grenville
    (mainly Whig)
    Charles Watson-Wentworth [16]
    13 July
    1765
    30 July
    1766     		1 year, 18 days — Whig
    (Rockinghamite)
    		 Rockingham I
    William Pitt the Elder [17]
    30 July
    1766
    14 October
    1768     		2 years, 77 days 1768 Whig
    (Chathamite)
    		 Chatham
    Augustus FitzRoy [18]
    14 October
    1768
    28 January
    1770     		1 year, 107 days — Grafton
    Frederick North, Lord North [19]
    28 January
    1770
    27 March
    1782     		12 years, 59 days 1774 Tory
    (Northite)
    		 North
    1780
    Charles Watson-Wentworth [16]
    27 March
    1782
    1 July
    1782     		97 days[b] — Whig
    (Rockinghamite)
    		 Rockingham II
    William Petty [20]
    4 July
    1782
    26 March
    1783     		266 days — Whig
    (Chathamite)
    		 Shelburne
    William Cavendish-Bentinck [21]
    2 April
    1783
    18 December
    1783     		261 days — Whig Fox–North
    William Pitt the Younger [22]
    • MP for Appleby, later Cambridge University[d]
    • (1759–1806)
    19 December
    1783
    14 March
    1801     		17 years, 86 days 1784 Tory
    (Pittite)
    		 Pitt I
    1790
    1796
    Henry Addington [23]
    • MP for Devizes
    • (1757–1844)
    17 March
    1801
    10 May
    1804     		3 years, 55 days 1801 Tory
    (Addingtonian)
    		 Addington
    1802
    William Pitt the Younger [24]
    • MP for Cambridge University
    • (1759–1806)
    10 May
    1804
    23 January
    1806     		1 year, 259 days[b] — Tory
    (Pittite)
    		 Pitt II
    William Grenville [25]
    11 February
    1806
    25 March
    1807     		1 year, 43 days 1806 Whig All the Talents
    (Whig–​Tory)
    William Cavendish-Bentinck [26]
    31 March
    1807
    4 October
    1809     		2 years, 188 days 1807 Tory
    (Pittite)
    		 Portland II
    Spencer Perceval [27]
    • MP for Northampton
    • (1762–1812)
    4 October
    1809
    11 May
    1812     		2 years, 221 days[b] — Perceval
    Robert Jenkinson [28]
    8 June
    1812
    9 April
    1827     		14 years, 306 days 1812 Liverpool
    1818 George IV
    George IV of Great Britain
    r. 1820–1830
    1820
    1826
    George Canning [29]
    • MP for Seaford
    • (1770–1827)
    12 April
    1827
    8 August
    1827     		119 days[b] — Tory Canning
    (Canningite–​Whig)
    F. J. Robinson [30]
    31 August
    1827
    8 January
    1828     		131 days — Tory Goderich
    Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington [31]
    22 January
    1828
    16 November
    1830     		2 years, 299 days — Tory Wellington–​Peel
    (1830) William IV
    William IV of Great Britain
    r. 1830–1837
    Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey [32]
    22 November
    1830
    9 July
    1834     		3 years, 230 days 1831 Whig Grey
    1832
    William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne [33]
    16 July
    1834
    14 November
    1834     		122 days — Melbourne I
    photograph [34]
    17 November
    1834
    9 December
    1834     		23 days (—) Tory Wellington Caretaker
    Robert Peel [35]
    • MP for Tamworth
    • (1788–1850)
    10 December
    1834
    8 April
    1835     		120 days (—) Conservative Peel I
    William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne [36]
    18 April
    1835
    30 August
    1841     		6 years, 135 days 1835 Whig Melbourne II
    1837 Victoria
    Queen Victoria
    r. 1837–1901
    Robert Peel [35]
    • MP for Tamworth
    • (1788–1850)
    30 August
    1841
    29 June
    1846     		4 years, 304 days 1841 Conservative Peel II
    photograph [37]
    • MP for City of London
    • (1792–1878)
    30 June
    1846
    21 February
    1852     		5 years, 237 days (1847) Whig Russell I
    engraving [38]
    23 February
    1852
    17 December
    1852     		299 days 1852 Conservative Who? Who?
    engraving [39]
    19 December
    1852
    30 January
    1855     		2 years, 43 days (—) Peelite Aberdeen
    (Peelite–​Whig–​others)
    photograph [40]
    6 February
    1855
    19 February
    1858     		3 years, 14 days 1857 Whig Palmerston I
    engraving [41]
    20 February
    1858
    11 June
    1859     		1 year, 112 days (—) Conservative Derby–​Disraeli II
    photograph [42]
    12 June
    1859
    18 October
    1865     		6 years, 129 days[b] 1859 Liberal Palmerston II
    1865
    photograph [37]
    29 October
    1865
    26 June
    1866     		241 days — Russell II
    engraving [43]
    28 June
    1866
    25 February
    1868     		1 year, 243 days (—) Conservative Derby–​Disraeli III
    photograph [44]
    27 February
    1868
    1 December
    1868     		279 days (—)
    photograph [45]
    3 December
    1868
    17 February
    1874     		5 years, 77 days 1868 Liberal Gladstone I
    photograph [46]
    20 February
    1874
    21 April
    1880     		6 years, 62 days 1874 Conservative Disraeli II
    photograph [47]
    23 April
    1880
    9 June
    1885     		5 years, 48 days 1880 Liberal Gladstone II
    photograph [48]
    23 June
    1885
    28 January
    1886     		220 days (—)
    		Conservative Salisbury I
    photograph [47]
    1 February
    1886
    20 July
    1886     		170 days (1885) Liberal Gladstone III
    photograph [49]
    25 July
    1886
    11 August
    1892     		6 years, 18 days (1886) Conservative Salisbury II
    photograph [47]
    15 August
    1892
    2 March
    1894     		1 year, 200 days (1892) Liberal Gladstone IV
    photograph [50]
    5 March
    1894
    22 June
    1895     		1 year, 110 days (—) Rosebery
    photograph [51]
    25 June
    1895
    11 July
    1902     		7 years, 17 days 1895 Conservative Salisbury III
    (Con–​Lib.U)
    1900 Salisbury IV
    (Con–​Lib.U)
    Edward VII
    Edward VII
    r. 1901–1910
    photograph [52]
    • MP for Manchester East
    • (1848–1930)
    12 July
    1902
    4 December
    1905     		3 years, 146 days — Balfour
    (Con–​Lib.U)
    photograph [53]
    • MP for Stirling Burghs
    • (1836–1908)
    5 December
    1905
    3 April
    1908     		2 years, 121 days 1906 Liberal Campbell-Bannerman
    photograph [54]
    • MP for East Fife
    • (1852–1928)
    8 April
    1908
    5 December
    1916     		8 years, 243 days — Asquith I
    (Jan.1910) Asquith II George V
    George V
    r. 1910–1936
    (Dec.1910) Asquith III
    (—) Asquith Coalition
    (Lib–​Con–​others)
    photograph [55]
    • MP for Caernarvon Boroughs
    • (1863–1945)
    6 December
    1916
    19 October
    1922     		5 years, 318 days (—) Lloyd George War
    1918 Lloyd George II
    (Lib–​Con)
    photograph [56]
    • MP for Glasgow Central
    • (1858–1923)
    23 October
    1922
    20 May
    1923     		210 days 1922 Conservative
    (Scot.U.)
    		 Law
    photograph [57]
    • MP for Bewdley
    • (1867–1947)
    22 May
    1923
    22 January
    1924     		246 days — Conservative Baldwin I
    photograph [58]
    • MP for Aberavon
    • (1866–1937)
    22 January
    1924
    4 November
    1924     		288 days (1923) Labour MacDonald I
    photograph [59]
    • MP for Bewdley
    • (1867–1947)
    4 November
    1924
    4 June
    1929     		4 years, 213 days 1924 Conservative Baldwin II
    photograph [60]
    • MP for Seaham
    • (1866–1937)
    5 June
    1929
    7 June
    1935     		6 years, 3 days (1929) Labour MacDonald II
    (—) National Labour National I
    (Nat.Lab–​Con–​others)
    1931 National II
    ​ photograph [61]
    • MP for Bewdley
    • (1867–1947)
    7 June
    1935
    28 May
    1937     		1 year, 356 days 1935 Conservative National III
    Edward VIII
    Edward VIII
    r. 1936
    George VI
    George VI
    r. 1936–1952
    photograph [62]
    • MP for Birmingham Edgbaston
    • (1869–1940)
    28 May
    1937
    10 May
    1940     		2 years, 349 days — National IV
    Chamberlain War
    photograph [63]
    • MP for Epping
    • (1874–1965)
    10 May
    1940
    26 July
    1945     		5 years, 78 days — Churchill War
    Churchill Caretaker
    (Con–​Nat.Lib)
    photograph [64]
    • MP for Limehouse
    • (1883–1967)
    26 July
    1945
    26 October
    1951     		6 years, 93 days 1945
    		Labour Attlee I
    1950 Attlee II
    photograph [65]
    • MP for Woodford
    • (1874–1965)
    26 October
    1951
    5 April
    1955     		3 years, 162 days 1951
    		Conservative Churchill III
    Elizabeth II
    Elizabeth II
    r. 1952–2022
    photograph [66]
    • MP for Warwick and Leamington
    • (1897–1977)
    6 April
    1955
    9 January
    1957     		1 year, 279 days 1955 Eden
    photograph [67]
    • MP for Bromley
    • (1894–1986)
    10 January
    1957
    18 October
    1963     		6 years, 282 days — Macmillan I
    1959 Macmillan II
    photograph [68][f]
    • MP for Kinross and Western Perthshire
    • (1903–1995)
    18 October
    1963
    16 October
    1964     		365 days — Conservative
    (Scot.U.)
    		 Douglas-Home
    photograph [69]
    • MP for Huyton
    • (1916–1995)
    16 October
    1964
    19 June
    1970     		5 years, 247 days 1964 Labour Wilson I
    1966 Wilson II
    photograph [70]
    • MP for Bexley
    • (1916–2005)
    19 June
    1970
    4 March
    1974     		3 years, 259 days 1970 Conservative Heath
    photograph [69]
    • MP for Huyton
    • (1916–1995)
    4 March
    1974
    5 April
    1976     		2 years, 33 days (Feb.1974) Labour Wilson III
    Oct.1974 Wilson IV
    photograph [71]
    • MP for Cardiff South East
    • (1912–2005)
    5 April
    1976
    4 May
    1979     		3 years, 30 days — Callaghan
    photograph [72]
    4 May
    1979
    28 November
    1990     		11 years, 209 days 1979 Conservative Thatcher I
    1983 Thatcher II
    1987 Thatcher III
    photograph [73]
    28 November
    1990
    2 May
    1997     		6 years, 156 days — Major I
    1992 Major II
    photograph [74]
    2 May
    1997
    27 June
    2007     		10 years, 57 days 1997 Labour Blair I
    2001 Blair II
    2005 Blair III
    photograph [75]
    • MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
    • (born 1951)
    • Premiership
    27 June
    2007
    11 May
    2010     		2 years, 319 days — Brown
    photograph [76]
    11 May
    2010
    13 July
    2016     		6 years, 64 days (2010) Conservative Cameron–Clegg
    (Con–​Lib.Dem)
    2015 Cameron II
    photograph [77]
    13 July
    2016
    24 July
    2019     		3 years, 12 days — May I
    (2017) May II
    photograph [78]
    • MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip
    • (born 1964)
    • Premiership
    24 July
    2019
    6 September
    2022     		3 years, 45 days (—) Johnson I
    2019 Johnson II
    photograph [79]
    6 September
    2022
    25 October
    2022     		50 days — Truss
    Charles III
    r. 2022–present
    photograph [80]
    25 October
    2022     		Incumbent 1 year, 186 days — Sunak

    Disputed prime ministers

    Due to the gradual evolution of the post of prime minister, the title is applied to early prime ministers only retrospectively;[5] this has sometimes given rise to academic dispute. William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath and James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave are sometimes listed as prime ministers.[81] Bath was invited to form a ministry by George II when Henry Pelham resigned in 1746,[82] as was Waldegrave in 1757 after the dismissal of William Pitt the Elder,[83] who dominated the affairs of government during the Seven Years' War. Neither was able to command sufficient parliamentary support to form a government; Bath stepped down after two days[81] and Waldegrave after four.[83] Modern academic consensus does not consider either man to have held office as prime minister;[84][failed verification] they are therefore listed separately.

    •   Whig (2)
    List of disputed prime ministers of the United Kingdom since 1721
    Portrait Prime minister
    Office
    (Lifespan)
    		 Term of office Mandate[a] Ministerial offices held as prime minister Party Government Monarch
    Reign
    Start End Duration
    ​ William Pulteney  
    10 February
    1746
    12 February
    1746
    3 days
    		 – Whig Short Lived George II
    George II of Great Britain
    r. 1727–1760
    James Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave  
    8 June
    1757
    12 June
    1757
    5 days
    		 – Waldegrave

    List notes

    1. ^ a b Legend for the
      Mandate
      column:
      1722
      a year
      indicates a general election won by the government or that led to the formation of a government (the year links to the election's article);
      (1830)
      a parenthesised year
      indicates an election resulting in no single party winning a Commons majority (the year links to the election's article);
      —
      a dash
      indicates the formation of a majority government without an election;
      (—)
      a parenthesised dash
      indicates the formation of a minority or coalition government during a hung parliament.
    2. ^ a b c d e f g Died in office
    3. ^ Pitt served as a Member of Parliament for Bath for the first five days of his premiership (30 July – 4 August 1766). He relinquished his Commons seat in order to take the office of Lord Privy Seal, which required his elevation to the House of Lords.
    4. ^ Pitt contested a different constituency in the 1784 British general election.
    5. ^ Disraeli was elevated to the House of Lords in 1876, two years into his second premiership. Consequently, he relinquished his Commons seat as MP for Buckinghamshire.
    6. ^ Douglas Home disclaimed his peerage as the Earl of Home on 23 October 1963. He was elected an MP on 7 November 1963.

    Timeline

    Rishi SunakLiz TrussBoris JohnsonTheresa MayDavid CameronGordon BrownTony BlairJohn MajorMargaret ThatcherJames CallaghanEdward HeathHarold WilsonAlec Douglas-HomeHarold MacmillanAnthony EdenClement AttleeWinston ChurchillNeville ChamberlainRamsay MacDonaldStanley BaldwinAndrew Bonar LawDavid Lloyd GeorgeHerbert Henry AsquithHenry Campbell-BannermanArthur BalfourArchibald Primrose, 5th Earl of RoseberyRobert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of SalisburyWilliam Ewart GladstoneBenjamin DisraeliHenry John Temple, 3rd Viscount PalmerstonGeorge Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of AberdeenEdward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of DerbyJohn Russell, 1st Earl RussellRobert PeelWilliam Lamb, 2nd Viscount MelbourneCharles Grey, 2nd Earl GreyArthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of WellingtonF. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount GoderichGeorge CanningRobert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of LiverpoolSpencer PercevalWilliam Grenville, 1st Baron GrenvilleHenry Addington, 1st Viscount SidmouthWilliam Pitt the YoungerWilliam Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of PortlandWilliam Petty, 2nd Earl of ShelburneFrederick North, Lord NorthAugustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of GraftonWilliam Pitt, 1st Earl of ChathamCharles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of RockinghamGeorge GrenvilleJohn Stuart, 3rd Earl of ButeWilliam Cavendish, 4th Duke of DevonshireThomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of NewcastleHenry PelhamSpencer Compton, 1st Earl of WilmingtonRobert Walpole

    See also

    • Biography
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    • iconPolitics
      portal
    • flagUnited Kingdom
      portal
    • Lists
      portal

    References

    Citations

    1. ^ Chapman 2002, p. 15.
    2. ^ McMullen Rigg 1899.
    3. ^ a b c Chisholm 1911d; Chisholm 1911e.
    4. ^ Chisholm 1911b; McMullen Rigg 1899.
    5. ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 1.
    6. ^ UK Government 2013.
    7. ^ Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, p. 413; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497.
    8. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 1, 5; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 1–5; Pryde et al. 1996, pp. 45–46.
    9. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 41; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 14; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 7–10; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 222.
    10. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, pp. 41–42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 17; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 11–15.
    11. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21.
    12. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1988, p. 44; Courthope 1838, p. 19; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 34; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 23–26; Schumann & Schweizer 2012, p. 143.
    13. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 28; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 16–21; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 46; Tout 1910, p. 740.
    14. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 36; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 28–31; Jones & Jones 1986, p. 223; Tout 1910, p. 740.
    15. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 42; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 33–35; Tout 1910, p. 740.
    16. ^ a b The British Magazine and Review 1782, p. 79; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 46, 50; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 39–43.
    17. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 54; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 45–50; Kebbel 1864, p. 143; Venning 2005, p. 93.
    18. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 9; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 61; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 52–56; Venning 2005, p. 93; Vincitorio 1968, p. 156.
    19. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 64; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 58–62; Whiteley 1996, p. 24.
    20. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 73; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 64–68; Venning 2005, p. 93.
    21. ^ Cook & Stevenson 1980, p. 11; Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Venning 2005, p. 93.
    22. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–78; Evans 2008, p. 4.
    23. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 94; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 83–85; Styles 1829, p. 266.
    24. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 85; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 75–77; Evans 2008, p. 4.
    25. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 98; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 90–92; Tout 1910, p. 740.
    26. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 25; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 77; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 69–74; Evans 2008, p. 4.
    27. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 101; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 98–101; Evans 2008, p. 4.
    28. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 106; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 104–108; Evans 2008, p. 4; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
    29. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 116, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 110–115.
    30. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 120, 133; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 118–120.
    31. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Shaw 1906, p. 447; Tout 1910, p. 740.
    32. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 128; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 133–139.
    33. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–143.
    34. ^ Courthope 1838, p. 33; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 123; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 124–130; Evans 2001, p. 471; Mahon & Cardwell 1856, p. 17; Shaw 1906, p. 447.
    35. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 142; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 148–153.
    36. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 136; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 141–145; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47.
    37. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 151; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 155–160.
    38. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164.
    39. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 159, 167; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 169–174; Royal Society of Edinburgh 2006, p. 375; Tout 1910, p. 741.
    40. ^ Disraeli 1855; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
    41. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–164; Tout 1910, p. 741.
    42. ^ Balfour 1910; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 174; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 177–184; Royal Society 2007, p. 349.
    43. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 161; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 162–167; Tout 1910, p. 741.
    44. ^ Disraeli 1868; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–189; Tout 1910, p. 741.
    45. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–198; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
    46. ^ Chamberlain 1884; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 183; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 187–192.
    47. ^ a b c Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 196; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 195–202; Royal Statistical Society 1892, p. 9.
    48. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505.
    49. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 213; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Locker-Lampson 1907, p. 497; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
    50. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 222; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 212–215.
    51. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, pp. 213, 221; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 205–210; Mosley 2003, p. 3505; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 47; Sandys 1910, p. 287.
    52. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 231; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 217–221; Mosley 1999, p. 173; Tout 1910, p. 741.
    53. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 239; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 223–227.
    54. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 5; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 244; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 229–235; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
    55. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 6–9; The Constitutional Yearbook 1919, p. 42; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 252; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 237–243.
    56. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 262; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 246–248; Scully 2018.
    57. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–255; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
    58. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–264.
    59. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172.
    60. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 13; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 281; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 262–268.
    61. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 273; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 253–259; Mosley 1999, p. 172; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
    62. ^ The Annual Register 1941, p. 11; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 289; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 270–274.
    63. ^ The Annual Register 1946, p. 11; Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 17–21, 77; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924.
    64. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 305; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 284–289.
    65. ^ BBC On This Day 2005; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 295; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 276–282; The London Gazette 1924; Mosley 1999, p. 1868; Pryde et al. 1996, p. 48.
    66. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 315; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 291–295.
    67. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 320; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 297–303.
    68. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 329; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 306–310; Scully 2018.
    69. ^ a b Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 333; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 313–320.
    70. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 343; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 322–328; UK Parliament 2005a.
    71. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 350; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 331–333; UK Parliament 2005b.
    72. ^ Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 358; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 340–347; UK Parliament 2013.
    73. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, p. 61; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 384; Englefield, Seaton & White 1995, pp. 350–352.
    74. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 270; Eccleshall & Walker 2002, p. 392; Seldon 2007, pp. 77, 371, 647; UK Parliament 2017b.
    75. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 86; UK Parliament 2012.
    76. ^ Butler & Butler 2010, pp. 61, 65; Lee & Beech 2011; Royal Communications 2016; Wheeler 2016.
    77. ^ BBC News 2017; Stamp 2016; UK Parliament 2017a.
    78. ^ BBC News 2019; Kuenssberg 2019; UK Parliament 2022.
    79. ^ BBC News 2022a; Nevett & Whannel 2022; UK Parliament 2024a.
    80. ^ BBC News 2022b; Nevett 2022; UK Parliament 2024b.
    81. ^ a b Carpenter 1992, p. 37.
    82. ^ Leonard 2010, p. 47.
    83. ^ a b Leonard 2010, p. 65.
    84. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2011.

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    Further reading

    • Bogdanor, Vernon, ed. (2010). From New Jerusalem to New Labour: British Prime Ministers from Attlee to Blair. Palgrave Macmillan (published 20 October 2016). ISBN 978-0-230-29700-5.
    • Browne, J. Houston (1858). Lives of the Prime Ministers of England: From the Restoration to the Present Time. Vol. 1. London: Thomas Cautley Newby.
    • Davidson, Jonathan (2010). Downing Street Blues: A History of Depression and Other Mental Afflictions in British Prime Ministers. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-5793-9.
    • Grube, Dennis (2013). Prime Ministers and Rhetorical Governance. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-31836-7.
    • King, Anthony Stephen, ed. (1985). The British Prime Minister (2nd ed.). Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-0635-1.
    • Leonard, Dick (2008). Nineteenth Century Premiers: Pitt to Rosebery. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22725-5.
    • Mackay, Robert (28 December 1987). "Thatcher longest serving British prime minister". United Press International. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
    • Parker, Robert J. (2013). British Prime Ministers (2nd ed.). Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-1021-4.
    • Quinault, Roland (2011). British Prime Ministers and Democracy: From Disraeli to Blair. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-1105-0.

    External links

    • "Past Prime Ministers". Gov.uk. UK Government. Archived from the original on 25 August 2008.
    • "Prime Ministers and Politics Timeline". History. BBC. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.
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