List of active separatist movements in Europe

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Supporters of Catalan independence in Barcelona in October 2019

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession,[1][2][3] though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[4]

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan districts claimed by Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Belgium

Communities:
  Flemish and French Community
Autonomist movements

 Flanders

 Wallonia

Secessionist movements

 Flanders or Flemish Community (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

 Wallonia or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes  Brussels-Capital Region)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Secessionist movements

 Republika Srpska

Autonomist movements

Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

Bulgaria

Blagoevgrad Oblast (Pirin Macedonia)

Pirin Macedonia[22]

Croatia

The Istria County in Croatia.
Autonomist movements

Istria County[23]

Cyprus

The northern areas of the island of Cyprus administered by Turkish Cypriots

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Czechia

 Moravia

Denmark

Faroe Islands

 Faroe Islands

Minor Movements

Bornholm

Finland

Åland

 Åland

France

Secessionist movements
Location of the Basque Country

French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Location of Brittany

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and Loire-Atlantique

Location of Corsica

 Corsica

The Dutch-language Taalgebied (Sprachraum), including northern French Flanders

French Flanders

Location of Provence

 Provence

Catalonia Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

Savoy

Etat Pied-Noir

Autonomist movements
Location of Normandy

 Alsace

Normandy

Savoy

 Occitania

Franche Comté

Georgia

Georgian administrative divisions are outlined in black. Occupied territories of Georgia are shown in pink.

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Javakheti

Germany

Bavaria

Saxony

Lusatia

Lusatia

East Frisia

Franconia

Greece

Chameria

Hungary

Romani people in Hungary

Italy

Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Lombardy
Sardinia
Sicily
South Tyrol

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

Lombardy

Northern Italy

Southern Italy

Sicily

South Tyrol

Savoy

Tuscany

Veneto

 Trieste

Aosta

 Sardinia

Romagna

Kosovo

North Kosovo

North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin

Lithuania

Samogitia

Malta

Gozo

Moldova

Transnistria
Breakaway state

Transnistria

Gagauzia

Netherlands

Location of Friesland

Frisia

Poland

Silesia on map of Poland, Germany and Czech Republic
Map of Danzig in 1939

Silesia

Kashubia and Pomerania

Podlachia

Portugal

 Azores[161]

Romania

Transylvania and Banat[163]

Location of Transylvania (left) and Banat (right)

Székely Land

The historical Székely seats on the map of present-day Romania

Partium

Russia

NOTE: Only movements created prior to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine are represented here, due to the fact that most of the new movements function as online organizations and have little to no political or cultural influence.

 Chechnya

Circassia[182]

Ingushetia[183]

Kaliningrad Oblast[184]

Leningrad Oblast[186]

 Republic of Karelia[189]

Republic of Kalmykia[190][191][192]

Bashkortostan

Chuvashia

Idel-Ural

Mari El

Mordovia

Tatarstan[186]

Serbia

Republic of Vojvodina

Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well

Autonomist movements

Vojvodina Vojvodina

Sandžak

Separatist movements

Preševo Valley

 Kosovo

Slovakia

Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2011
Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

Spain

Regions in Spain with autonomist or separatist movements
proposed extent of the Catalan country
Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country (autonomous community) and  Navarre

 Catalonia[211]

Galicia (Spain) Galicia[212]

Valencian Community Valencia

 Aragon[215]

 Balearic Islands[216]

 Andalusia[217]

 Asturias[218]

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

León

Province of Granada[220]

Sweden

Scania

Switzerland

Autonomist movements

Jura region

 Ticino[224]

Ukraine

Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine

 Autonomous Republic of Crimea and  Sevastopol

 Donetsk Oblast,  Luhansk Oblast

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast[229]

Carpathian Ruthenia[231][232][233][234]

United Kingdom

Countries of the United Kingdom
Map of current local administrative units in the United Kingdom
Cornwall
Northern England
North East England
Yorkshire
The Kingdom of the Isles about the year 1100
Isle of Man
Major movements

 England

Northern Ireland

 Scotland

 Wales

Minor movements

 Cornwall[262]

Northern England

Midlands

London

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

Cynon Valley[dubious – discuss]

Gwynedd

 Isle of Wight

 Shetland

 Yorkshire

North East England

 Wessex

 Orkney Islands

Separatist movements of dependent territories

 Gibraltar

 Isle of Man[297]

See also

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