List of mathematical constants

A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems.[1] For example, the constant π may be defined as the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The following list includes a decimal expansion and set containing each number, ordered by year of discovery.

The column headings may be clicked to sort the table alphabetically, by decimal value, or by set. Explanations of the symbols in the right hand column can be found by clicking on them.

List

Name Symbol Decimal expansion Formula Year Set
One 1 1 Prehistory N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }
Two 2 2 Prehistory N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }
One half 1/2 0.5 Prehistory Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
Pi π {\displaystyle \pi } 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 [Mw 1][OEIS 1] Ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. 1900 to 1600 BCE [2] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Tau τ {\displaystyle \tau } 6.28318 53071 79586 47692[3][OEIS 2] Ratio of a circle's circumference to its radius. Equivalent to 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } 1900 to 1600 BCE [2] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Square root of 2,

Pythagoras constant.[4]

2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} 1.41421 35623 73095 04880 [Mw 2][OEIS 3] Positive root of x 2 = 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}=2} 1800 to 1600 BCE[5] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Square root of 3,

Theodorus' constant[6]

3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {3}}} 1.73205 08075 68877 29352 [Mw 3][OEIS 4] Positive root of x 2 = 3 {\displaystyle x^{2}=3} 465 to 398 BCE A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Square root of 5[7] 5 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {5}}} 2.23606 79774 99789 69640 [OEIS 5] Positive root of x 2 = 5 {\displaystyle x^{2}=5} A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Phi, Golden ratio[8] φ {\displaystyle \varphi } or ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } 1.61803 39887 49894 84820 [Mw 4][OEIS 6] 1 + 5 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}} ~300 BCE A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Silver ratio[9] δ S {\displaystyle \delta _{S}} 2.41421 35623 73095 04880 [Mw 5][OEIS 7] 2 + 1 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}+1} ~300 BCE A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Zero 0 0 300 to 100 BCE[10] Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
Negative one −1 −1 300 to 200 BCE Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
Cube root of 2 2 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{2}}} 1.25992 10498 94873 16476 [Mw 6][OEIS 8] Real root of x 3 = 2 {\displaystyle x^{3}=2} 46 to 120 CE[11] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Cube root of 3 3 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{3}}} 1.44224 95703 07408 38232 [OEIS 9] Real root of x 3 = 3 {\displaystyle x^{3}=3} A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Twelfth root of 2[12] 2 12 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{12}]{2}}} 1.05946 30943 59295 26456 [OEIS 10] Real root of x 12 = 2 {\displaystyle x^{12}=2} A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Supergolden ratio[13] ψ {\displaystyle \psi } 1.46557 12318 76768 02665 [OEIS 11] 1 + 29 + 3 93 2 3 + 29 − 3 93 2 3 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {29+3{\sqrt {93}}}{2}}}+{\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {29-3{\sqrt {93}}}{2}}}}{3}}}

Real root of x 3 = x 2 + 1 {\displaystyle x^{3}=x^{2}+1}

A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Imaginary unit[14] i {\displaystyle i} 0 + 1i Principal root of x 2 = − 1 {\displaystyle x^{2}=-1} [nb 1] 1501 to 1576 C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
Connective constant for the hexagonal lattice[15][16] μ {\displaystyle \mu } 1.84775 90650 22573 51225 [Mw 7][OEIS 12] 2 + 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}} , as a root of the polynomial x 4 − 4 x 2 + 2 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{4}-4x^{2}+2=0} 1593[OEIS 12] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Kepler–Bouwkamp constant[17] K ′ {\displaystyle K'} 0.11494 20448 53296 20070 [Mw 8][OEIS 13] ∏ n = 3 ∞ cos ⁡ ( π n ) = cos ⁡ ( π 3 ) cos ⁡ ( π 4 ) cos ⁡ ( π 5 ) . . . {\displaystyle \prod _{n=3}^{\infty }\cos \left({\frac {\pi }{n}}\right)=\cos \left({\frac {\pi }{3}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\pi }{4}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\pi }{5}}\right)...} 1596[OEIS 13]
Wallis's constant 2.09455 14815 42326 59148 [Mw 9][OEIS 14] 45 − 1929 18 3 + 45 + 1929 18 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {45-{\sqrt {1929}}}{18}}}+{\sqrt[{3}]{\frac {45+{\sqrt {1929}}}{18}}}}

Real root of x 3 − 2 x − 5 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{3}-2x-5=0}

1616 to 1703 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Euler's number[18] e {\displaystyle e} 2.71828 18284 59045 23536 [Mw 10][OEIS 15] lim n → ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) n = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 n ! = 1 + 1 1 ! + 1 2 ! + 1 3 ! ⋯ {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n!}}=1+{\frac {1}{1!}}+{\frac {1}{2!}}+{\frac {1}{3!}}\cdots } 1618[19] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Natural logarithm of 2[20] ln ⁡ 2 {\displaystyle \ln 2} 0.69314 71805 59945 30941 [Mw 11][OEIS 16] Real root of e x = 2 {\displaystyle e^{x}=2}

∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 n = 1 1 − 1 2 + 1 3 − 1 4 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n}}={\frac {1}{1}}-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}-{\frac {1}{4}}+\cdots }

1619[21] & 1668[22] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Lemniscate constant[23] ϖ {\displaystyle \varpi } 2.62205 75542 92119 81046 [Mw 12][OEIS 17] π G = 4 2 π Γ ( 5 4 ) 2 = 1 4 2 π Γ ( 1 4 ) 2 {\displaystyle \pi \,{G}=4{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{\pi }}}\,\Gamma {\left({\tfrac {5}{4}}\right)^{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}{\sqrt {\tfrac {2}{\pi }}}\,\Gamma {\left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)^{2}}}

where G {\displaystyle G} is Gauss's constant

1718 to 1798 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Euler's constant γ {\displaystyle \gamma } 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 [Mw 13][OEIS 18] lim n → ∞ ( − log ⁡ n + ∑ k = 1 n 1 k ) = ∫ 1 ∞ ( − 1 x + 1 ⌊ x ⌋ ) d x {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\left(-\log n+\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k}}\right)=\int _{1}^{\infty }\left(-{\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {1}{\lfloor x\rfloor }}\right)\,dx} 1735
Erdős–Borwein constant[24] E {\displaystyle E} 1.60669 51524 15291 76378 [Mw 14][OEIS 19] ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 2 n − 1 = 1 1 + 1 3 + 1 7 + 1 15 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{2^{n}-1}}={\frac {1}{1}}\!+\!{\frac {1}{3}}\!+\!{\frac {1}{7}}\!+\!{\frac {1}{15}}\!+\!\cdots } 1749[25] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Omega constant Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } 0.56714 32904 09783 87299 [Mw 15][OEIS 20] W ( 1 ) = 1 π ∫ 0 π log ⁡ ( 1 + sin ⁡ t t e t cot ⁡ t ) d t {\displaystyle W(1)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\int _{0}^{\pi }\log \left(1+{\frac {\sin t}{t}}e^{t\cot t}\right)dt}

where W is the Lambert W function

1758 & 1783 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Apéry's constant[26] ζ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \zeta (3)} 1.20205 69031 59594 28539 [Mw 16][OEIS 21] ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n 3 = 1 1 3 + 1 2 3 + 1 3 3 + 1 4 3 + 1 5 3 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{3}}}={\frac {1}{1^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{4^{3}}}+{\frac {1}{5^{3}}}+\cdots } 1780[OEIS 21] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Laplace limit[27] 0.66274 34193 49181 58097 [Mw 17][OEIS 22] Real root of x e x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {xe^{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}}{{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}+1}}=1} ~1782 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Soldner constant[28][29] μ {\displaystyle \mu } 1.45136 92348 83381 05028 [Mw 18][OEIS 23] l i ( x ) = ∫ 0 x d t ln ⁡ t = 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {li} (x)=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {dt}{\ln t}}=0} ; root of the logarithmic integral function. 1792[OEIS 23]
Gauss's constant[30] G {\displaystyle G} 0.83462 68416 74073 18628 [Mw 19][OEIS 24] 1 a g m ( 1 , 2 ) = Γ ( 1 4 ) 2 2 2 π 3 = 2 π ∫ 0 1 d x 1 − x 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\mathrm {agm} (1,{\sqrt {2}})}}={\frac {\Gamma ({\frac {1}{4}})^{2}}{2{\sqrt {2\pi ^{3}}}}}={\frac {2}{\pi }}\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {dx}{\sqrt {1-x^{4}}}}}

where agm is the arithmetic–geometric mean

1799[31] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Second Hermite constant[32] γ 2 {\displaystyle \gamma _{2}} 1.15470 05383 79251 52901 [Mw 20][OEIS 25] 2 3 {\displaystyle {\frac {2}{\sqrt {3}}}} 1822 to 1901 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Liouville's constant[33] L {\displaystyle L} 0.11000 10000 00000 00000 0001 [Mw 21][OEIS 26] ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 10 n ! = 1 10 1 ! + 1 10 2 ! + 1 10 3 ! + 1 10 4 ! + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{10^{n!}}}={\frac {1}{10^{1!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{2!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{3!}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{4!}}}+\cdots } Before 1844 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
First continued fraction constant C 1 {\displaystyle C_{1}} 0.69777 46579 64007 98201 [Mw 22][OEIS 27] 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + ⋯ {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{1+{\tfrac {1}{2+{\tfrac {1}{3+{\tfrac {1}{4+{\tfrac {1}{5+\cdots }}}}}}}}}}}

I 1 ( 2 ) I 0 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {I_{1}(2)}{I_{0}(2)}}} , where I α ( x ) {\displaystyle I_{\alpha }(x)} is the modified Bessel function

1855[34] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Ramanujan's constant[35] 262 53741 26407 68743
.99999 99999 99250 073 [Mw 23][OEIS 28] 		e π 163 {\displaystyle e^{\pi {\sqrt {163}}}} 1859 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Glaisher–Kinkelin constant A {\displaystyle A} 1.28242 71291 00622 63687[Mw 24][OEIS 29] e 1 12 − ζ ′ ( − 1 ) = e 1 8 − 1 2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 n + 1 ∑ k = 0 n ( − 1 ) k ( n k ) ( k + 1 ) 2 ln ⁡ ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle e^{{\frac {1}{12}}-\zeta ^{\prime }(-1)}=e^{{\frac {1}{8}}-{\frac {1}{2}}\sum \limits _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n+1}}\sum \limits _{k=0}^{n}\left(-1\right)^{k}{\binom {n}{k}}\left(k+1\right)^{2}\ln(k+1)}} 1860[OEIS 29]
Catalan's constant[36][37][38] G {\displaystyle G} 0.91596 55941 77219 01505 [Mw 25][OEIS 30] ∫ 0 1 ∫ 0 1 d x d y 1 + x 2 y 2 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 = 1 1 2 − 1 3 2 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}\!\!\int _{0}^{1}\!\!{\frac {dx\,dy}{1{+}x^{2}y^{2}}}=\!\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\!{\frac {(-1)^{n}}{(2n{+}1)^{2}}}\!=\!{\frac {1}{1^{2}}}{-}{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}{+}{\cdots }} 1864
Dottie number[39] 0.73908 51332 15160 64165 [Mw 26][OEIS 31] Real root of cos ⁡ x = x {\displaystyle \cos x=x} 1865[Mw 26] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Meissel–Mertens constant[40] M {\displaystyle M} 0.26149 72128 47642 78375 [Mw 27][OEIS 32] lim n → ∞ ( ∑ p ≤ n 1 p − ln ⁡ ln ⁡ n ) = γ + ∑ p ( ln ⁡ ( 1 − 1 p ) + 1 p ) {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\left(\sum _{p\leq n}{\frac {1}{p}}-\ln \ln n\right)=\gamma +\sum _{p}\left(\ln \left(1-{\frac {1}{p}}\right)+{\frac {1}{p}}\right)}

where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and p is prime

1866 & 1873
Universal parabolic constant[41] P {\displaystyle P} 2.29558 71493 92638 07403 [Mw 28][OEIS 33] ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) + 2 = arsinh ⁡ ( 1 ) + 2 {\displaystyle \ln(1+{\sqrt {2}})+{\sqrt {2}}\;=\;\operatorname {arsinh} (1)+{\sqrt {2}}} Before 1891[42] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Cahen's constant[43] C {\displaystyle C} 0.64341 05462 88338 02618 [Mw 29][OEIS 34] ∑ k = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) k s k − 1 = 1 1 − 1 2 + 1 6 − 1 42 + 1 1806 ± ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{k}}{s_{k}-1}}={\frac {1}{1}}-{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{6}}-{\frac {1}{42}}+{\frac {1}{1806}}{\,\pm \cdots }}

where sk is the kth term of Sylvester's sequence 2, 3, 7, 43, 1807, ...

1891 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Gelfond's constant[44] e π {\displaystyle e^{\pi }} 23.14069 26327 79269 0057 [Mw 30][OEIS 35] ( − 1 ) − i = i − 2 i = ∑ n = 0 ∞ π n n ! = 1 + π 1 1 + π 2 2 + π 3 6 + ⋯ {\displaystyle (-1)^{-i}=i^{-2i}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\pi ^{n}}{n!}}=1+{\frac {\pi ^{1}}{1}}+{\frac {\pi ^{2}}{2}}+{\frac {\pi ^{3}}{6}}+\cdots } 1900[45] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Gelfond–Schneider constant[46] 2 2 {\displaystyle 2^{\sqrt {2}}} 2.66514 41426 90225 18865 [Mw 31][OEIS 36] Before 1902[OEIS 36] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Second Favard constant[47] K 2 {\displaystyle K_{2}} 1.23370 05501 36169 82735 [Mw 32][OEIS 37] π 2 8 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 ( 2 n − 1 ) 2 = 1 1 2 + 1 3 2 + 1 5 2 + 1 7 2 + ⋯ {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}}{8}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(2n-1)^{2}}}={\frac {1}{1^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{5^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{7^{2}}}+\cdots } 1902 to 1965 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Golden angle[48] g {\displaystyle g} 2.39996 32297 28653 32223 [Mw 33][OEIS 38] 2 π φ 2 = π ( 3 − 5 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {2\pi }{\varphi ^{2}}}=\pi (3-{\sqrt {5}})} or

180 ( 3 − 5 ) = 137.50776 … {\displaystyle 180(3-{\sqrt {5}})=137.50776\ldots } in degrees

1907 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Sierpiński's constant[49] K {\displaystyle K} 2.58498 17595 79253 21706 [Mw 34][OEIS 39] π ( 2 γ + ln ⁡ 4 π 3 Γ ( 1 4 ) 4 ) = π ( 2 γ + 4 ln ⁡ Γ ( 3 4 ) − ln ⁡ π ) = π ( 2 ln ⁡ 2 + 3 ln ⁡ π + 2 γ − 4 ln ⁡ Γ ( 1 4 ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&\pi \left(2\gamma +\ln {\frac {4\pi ^{3}}{\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{4}})^{4}}}\right)=\pi (2\gamma +4\ln \Gamma ({\tfrac {3}{4}})-\ln \pi )\\&=\pi \left(2\ln 2+3\ln \pi +2\gamma -4\ln \Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{4}})\right)\end{aligned}}} 1907
Landau–Ramanujan constant[50] K {\displaystyle K} 0.76422 36535 89220 66299 [Mw 35][OEIS 40] 1 2 ∏ p ≡ 3  mod  4 p p r i m e ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) − 1 2 = π 4 ∏ p ≡ 1  mod  4 p p r i m e ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\prod _{{p\equiv 3{\text{ mod }}4} \atop p\;{\rm {prime}}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{2}}}\right)^{-{\frac {1}{2}}}}\!\!={\frac {\pi }{4}}\prod _{{p\equiv 1{\text{ mod }}4} \atop p\;{\rm {prime}}}{\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{2}}}} 1908[OEIS 40]
First Nielsen–Ramanujan constant[51] a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} 0.82246 70334 24113 21823 [Mw 36][OEIS 41] ζ ( 2 ) 2 = π 2 12 = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 n 2 = 1 1 2 − 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 − 1 4 2 + ⋯ {\displaystyle {\frac {{\zeta }(2)}{2}}={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{12}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{2}}}={\frac {1}{1^{2}}}{-}{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}{+}{\frac {1}{3^{2}}}{-}{\frac {1}{4^{2}}}{+}\cdots } 1909 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Gieseking constant[52] G {\displaystyle G} 1.01494 16064 09653 62502 [Mw 37][OEIS 42] 3 3 4 ( 1 − ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 ( 3 n + 2 ) 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 ( 3 n + 1 ) 2 ) = {\displaystyle {\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}\left(1-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(3n+2)^{2}}}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{(3n+1)^{2}}}\right)=}

3 3 4 ( 1 − 1 2 2 + 1 4 2 − 1 5 2 + 1 7 2 − 1 8 2 + 1 10 2 ± ⋯ ) {\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {3{\sqrt {3}}}{4}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{4^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{5^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{7^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{8^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{10^{2}}}\pm \cdots \right)} .

1912
Bernstein's constant[53] β {\displaystyle \beta } 0.28016 94990 23869 13303 [Mw 38][OEIS 43] lim n → ∞ 2 n E 2 n ( f ) {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }2nE_{2n}(f)} , where En(f) is the error of the best uniform approximation to a real function f(x) on the interval [−1, 1] by real polynomials of no more than degree n, and f(x) = |x| 1913
Tribonacci constant[54] 1.83928 67552 14161 13255 [Mw 39][OEIS 44] 1 + 19 + 3 33 3 + 19 − 3 33 3 3 = 1 + 4 cosh ⁡ ( 1 3 cosh − 1 ⁡ ( 2 + 3 8 ) ) 3 {\textstyle {\frac {1+{\sqrt[{3}]{19+3{\sqrt {33}}}}+{\sqrt[{3}]{19-3{\sqrt {33}}}}}{3}}={\frac {1+4\cosh \left({\frac {1}{3}}\cosh ^{-1}\left(2+{\frac {3}{8}}\right)\right)}{3}}}

Real root of x 3 − x 2 − x − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{3}-x^{2}-x-1=0}

1914 to 1963 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Brun's constant[55] B 2 {\displaystyle B_{2}} 1.90216 05831 04 [Mw 40][OEIS 45] ∑ p ( 1 p + 1 p + 2 ) = ( 1 3 + 1 5 ) + ( 1 5 + 1 7 ) + ( 1 11 + 1 13 ) + ⋯ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\sum \limits _{p}({\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{p+2}})}=({\frac {1}{3}}\!+\!{\frac {1}{5}})+({\tfrac {1}{5}}\!+\!{\tfrac {1}{7}})+({\tfrac {1}{11}}\!+\!{\tfrac {1}{13}})+\cdots }

where the sum ranges over all primes p such that p + 2 is also a prime

1919[OEIS 45]
Twin primes constant C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} 0.66016 18158 46869 57392 [Mw 41][OEIS 46] ∏ p p r i m e p ≥ 3 ( 1 − 1 ( p − 1 ) 2 ) {\displaystyle \prod _{\textstyle {p\;{\rm {prime}} \atop p\geq 3}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{(p-1)^{2}}}\right)} 1922
Plastic ratio[56] ρ {\displaystyle \rho } 1.32471 79572 44746 02596 [Mw 42][OEIS 47] 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ 3 3 3 = 1 2 + 69 18 3 + 1 2 − 69 18 3 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{1+\!{\sqrt[{3}]{1+\!{\sqrt[{3}]{1+\cdots }}}}}}=\textstyle {\sqrt[{3}]{{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {\sqrt {69}}{18}}}}+{\sqrt[{3}]{{\frac {1}{2}}-{\frac {\sqrt {69}}{18}}}}}

Real root of x 3 = x + 1 {\displaystyle x^{3}=x+1}

1924[OEIS 47] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Bloch's constant[57] B {\displaystyle B} 0.4332 ≤ B ≤ 0.4719 {\displaystyle 0.4332\leq B\leq 0.4719} [Mw 43][OEIS 48] The best known bounds are 3 4 + 2 × 10 − 4 ≤ B ≤ 3 − 1 2 ⋅ Γ ( 1 3 ) Γ ( 11 12 ) Γ ( 1 4 ) {\displaystyle {\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}}+2\times 10^{-4}\leq B\leq {\sqrt {\frac {{\sqrt {3}}-1}{2}}}\cdot {\frac {\Gamma ({\frac {1}{3}})\Gamma ({\frac {11}{12}})}{\Gamma ({\frac {1}{4}})}}} 1925[OEIS 48]
Z score for the 97.5 percentile point[58][59][60][61] z .975 {\displaystyle z_{.975}} 1.95996 39845 40054 23552 [Mw 44][OEIS 49] 2 erf − 1 ⁡ ( 0.95 ) {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}\operatorname {erf} ^{-1}(0.95)} where erf−1(x) is the inverse error function

Real number z {\displaystyle z} such that 1 2 π ∫ − ∞ z e − x 2 / 2 d x = 0.975 {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }}}\int _{-\infty }^{z}e^{-x^{2}/2}\,\mathrm {d} x=0.975}

1925
Landau's constant[57] L {\displaystyle L} 0.5 < L ≤ 0.54326 {\displaystyle 0.5<L\leq 0.54326} [Mw 45][OEIS 50] The best known bounds are 0.5 < L ≤ Γ ( 1 3 ) Γ ( 5 6 ) Γ ( 1 6 ) {\displaystyle 0.5<L\leq {\frac {\Gamma ({\frac {1}{3}})\Gamma ({\frac {5}{6}})}{\Gamma ({\frac {1}{6}})}}} 1929
Landau's third constant[57] A {\displaystyle A} 0.5 < A ≤ 0.7853 {\displaystyle 0.5<A\leq 0.7853} 1929
Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant[62] τ {\displaystyle \tau } 0.41245 40336 40107 59778 [Mw 46][OEIS 51] ∑ n = 0 ∞ t n 2 n + 1 = 1 4 [ 2 − ∏ n = 0 ∞ ( 1 − 1 2 2 n ) ] {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {t_{n}}{2^{n+1}}}={\frac {1}{4}}\left[2-\prod _{n=0}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {1}{2^{2^{n}}}}\right)\right]}

where t n {\displaystyle {t_{n}}} is the nth term of the Thue–Morse sequence

1929[OEIS 51] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Golomb–Dickman constant[63] λ {\displaystyle \lambda } 0.62432 99885 43550 87099 [Mw 47][OEIS 52] ∫ 0 1 e L i ( t ) d t = ∫ 0 ∞ ρ ( t ) t + 2 d t {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}e^{\mathrm {Li} (t)}dt=\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\rho (t)}{t+2}}dt}

where Li(t) is the logarithmic integral, and ρ(t) is the Dickman function

1930 & 1964
Constant related to the asymptotic behavior of Lebesgue constants[64] c {\displaystyle c} 0.98943 12738 31146 95174 [Mw 48][OEIS 53] lim n → ∞ ( L n − 4 π 2 ln ⁡ ( 2 n + 1 ) ) = 4 π 2 ( ∑ k = 1 ∞ 2 ln ⁡ k 4 k 2 − 1 − Γ ′ ( 1 2 ) Γ ( 1 2 ) ) {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }\!\!\left(\!{L_{n}{-}{\frac {4}{\pi ^{2}}}\ln(2n{+}1)}\!\!\right)\!{=}{\frac {4}{\pi ^{2}}}\!\left({\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }\!{\frac {2\ln k}{4k^{2}{-}1}}}{-}{\frac {\Gamma '({\tfrac {1}{2}})}{\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{2}})}}\!\!\right)} 1930[Mw 48]
Feller–Tornier constant[65] C F T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}_{\mathrm {FT} }} 0.66131 70494 69622 33528 [Mw 49][OEIS 54] 1 2 ∏ p  prime ( 1 − 2 p 2 ) + 1 2 = 3 π 2 ∏ p  prime ( 1 − 1 p 2 − 1 ) + 1 2 {\displaystyle {{\frac {1}{2}}\prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {2}{p^{2}}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}}={\frac {3}{\pi ^{2}}}\prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{2}-1}}\right)+{\frac {1}{2}}} 1932
Base 10 Champernowne constant[66] C 10 {\displaystyle C_{10}} 0.12345 67891 01112 13141 [Mw 50][OEIS 55] Defined by concatenating representations of successive integers:

0.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ...

1933 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Salem constant[67] σ 10 {\displaystyle \sigma _{10}} 1.17628 08182 59917 50654 [Mw 51][OEIS 56] Largest real root of x 10 + x 9 − x 7 − x 6 − x 5 − x 4 − x 3 + x + 1 = 0 {\displaystyle x^{10}+x^{9}-x^{7}-x^{6}-x^{5}-x^{4}-x^{3}+x+1=0} 1933[OEIS 56] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Khinchin's constant[68] K 0 {\displaystyle K_{0}} 2.68545 20010 65306 44530 [Mw 52][OEIS 57] ∏ n = 1 ∞ [ 1 + 1 n ( n + 2 ) ] log 2 ⁡ ( n ) {\displaystyle \prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left[{1+{1 \over n(n+2)}}\right]^{\log _{2}(n)}} 1934
Lévy's constant (1)[69] β {\displaystyle \beta } 1.18656 91104 15625 45282 [Mw 53][OEIS 58] π 2 12 ln ⁡ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}}{12\,\ln 2}}} 1935
Lévy's constant (2)[70] e β {\displaystyle e^{\beta }} 3.27582 29187 21811 15978 [Mw 54][OEIS 59] e π 2 / ( 12 ln ⁡ 2 ) {\displaystyle e^{\pi ^{2}/(12\ln 2)}} 1936
Copeland–Erdős constant[71] C C E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}_{CE}} 0.23571 11317 19232 93137 [Mw 55][OEIS 60] Defined by concatenating representations of successive prime numbers:

0.2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 ...

1946[OEIS 60] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Mills' constant[72] A {\displaystyle A} 1.30637 78838 63080 69046 [Mw 56][OEIS 61] Smallest positive real number A such that ⌊ A 3 n ⌋ {\displaystyle \lfloor A^{3^{n}}\rfloor } is prime for all positive integers n 1947
Gompertz constant[73] δ {\displaystyle \delta } 0.59634 73623 23194 07434 [Mw 57][OEIS 62] ∫ 0 ∞ e − x 1 + x d x = ∫ 0 1 d x 1 − ln ⁡ x = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 + 2 1 + 3 1 + 3 / ⋯ {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }\!\!{\frac {e^{-x}}{1+x}}\,dx=\!\!\int _{0}^{1}\!\!{\frac {dx}{1-\ln x}}={\tfrac {1}{1+{\tfrac {1}{1+{\tfrac {1}{1+{\tfrac {2}{1+{\tfrac {2}{1+{\tfrac {3}{1+3{/\cdots }}}}}}}}}}}}}} Before 1948[OEIS 62]
de Bruijn–Newman constant Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } 0 ≤ Λ ≤ 0.2 {\displaystyle 0\leq \Lambda \leq 0.2} The number Λ such that H ( λ , z ) = ∫ 0 ∞ e λ u 2 Φ ( u ) cos ⁡ ( z u ) d u {\displaystyle H(\lambda ,z)=\int _{0}^{\infty }e^{\lambda u^{2}}\Phi (u)\cos(zu)du} has real zeros if and only if λ ≥ Λ.

where Φ ( u ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( 2 π 2 n 4 e 9 u − 3 π n 2 e 5 u ) e − π n 2 e 4 u {\displaystyle \Phi (u)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(2\pi ^{2}n^{4}e^{9u}-3\pi n^{2}e^{5u})e^{-\pi n^{2}e^{4u}}} .

1950
Van der Pauw constant π ln ⁡ 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\pi }{\ln 2}}} 4.53236 01418 27193 80962 [OEIS 63] Before 1958[OEIS 64] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Magic angle[74] θ m {\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {m} }} 0.95531 66181 245092 78163 [OEIS 65] arctan ⁡ 2 = arccos ⁡ 1 3 ≈ 54.7356 ∘ {\displaystyle \arctan {\sqrt {2}}=\arccos {\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {3}}}\approx \textstyle {54.7356}^{\circ }} Before 1959[75][74] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Artin's constant[76] C A r t i n {\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {Artin} }} 0.37395 58136 19202 28805 [Mw 58][OEIS 66] ∏ p  prime ( 1 − 1 p ( p − 1 ) ) {\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p(p-1)}}\right)} Before 1961[OEIS 66]
Porter's constant[77] C {\displaystyle C} 1.46707 80794 33975 47289 [Mw 59][OEIS 67] 6 ln ⁡ 2 π 2 ( 3 ln ⁡ 2 + 4 γ − 24 π 2 ζ ′ ( 2 ) − 2 ) − 1 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {6\ln 2}{\pi ^{2}}}\left(3\ln 2+4\,\gamma -{\frac {24}{\pi ^{2}}}\,\zeta '(2)-2\right)-{\frac {1}{2}}}

where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and ζ '(2) is the derivative of the Riemann zeta function evaluated at s = 2

1961[OEIS 67]
Lochs constant[78] L {\displaystyle L} 0.97027 01143 92033 92574 [Mw 60][OEIS 68] 6 ln ⁡ 2 ln ⁡ 10 π 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {6\ln 2\ln 10}{\pi ^{2}}}} 1964
DeVicci's tesseract constant 1.00743 47568 84279 37609 [OEIS 69] The largest cube that can pass through in an 4D hypercube.

Positive root of 4 x 8 − 28 x 6 − 7 x 4 + 16 x 2 + 16 = 0 {\displaystyle 4x^{8}{-}28x^{6}{-}7x^{4}{+}16x^{2}{+}16=0}

1966[OEIS 69] A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Lieb's square ice constant[79] 1.53960 07178 39002 03869 [Mw 61][OEIS 70] ( 4 3 ) 3 2 = 8 3 3 {\displaystyle \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}={\frac {8}{3{\sqrt {3}}}}} 1967 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Niven's constant[80] C {\displaystyle C} 1.70521 11401 05367 76428 [Mw 62][OEIS 71] 1 + ∑ n = 2 ∞ ( 1 − 1 ζ ( n ) ) {\displaystyle 1+\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {1}{\zeta (n)}}\right)} 1969
Stephens' constant[81] 0.57595 99688 92945 43964 [Mw 63][OEIS 72] ∏ p  prime ( 1 − p p 3 − 1 ) {\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {p}{p^{3}-1}}\right)} 1969[OEIS 72]
Regular paperfolding sequence[82][83] P {\displaystyle P} 0.85073 61882 01867 26036 [Mw 64][OEIS 73] ∑ n = 0 ∞ 8 2 n 2 2 n + 2 − 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 2 2 n 1 − 1 2 2 n + 2 {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {8^{2^{n}}}{2^{2^{n+2}}-1}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\cfrac {\tfrac {1}{2^{2^{n}}}}{1-{\tfrac {1}{2^{2^{n+2}}}}}}} 1970[OEIS 73] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Reciprocal Fibonacci constant[84] ψ {\displaystyle \psi } 3.35988 56662 43177 55317 [Mw 65][OEIS 74] ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 F n = 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 5 + 1 8 + 1 13 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{F_{n}}}={\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{1}}+{\frac {1}{2}}+{\frac {1}{3}}+{\frac {1}{5}}+{\frac {1}{8}}+{\frac {1}{13}}+\cdots }

where Fn is the nth Fibonacci number

1974[OEIS 74] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Chvátal–Sankoff constant for the binary alphabet γ 2 {\displaystyle \gamma _{2}} 0.788071 ≤ γ 2 ≤ 0.826280 {\displaystyle 0.788071\leq \gamma _{2}\leq 0.826280} lim n → ∞ E ⁡ [ λ n , 2 ] n {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {\operatorname {E} [\lambda _{n,2}]}{n}}}

where E[λn,2] is the expected longest common subsequence of two random length-n binary strings

1975
Feigenbaum constant δ[85] δ {\displaystyle \delta } 4.66920 16091 02990 67185 [Mw 66][OEIS 75] lim n → ∞ x n + 1 − x n x n + 2 − x n + 1 {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {x_{n+1}-x_{n}}{x_{n+2}-x_{n+1}}}}

where the sequence xn is given by x n + 1 = a x n ( 1 − x n ) {\displaystyle x_{n+1}=ax_{n}(1-x_{n})}

1975
Chaitin's constants[86] Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } In general they are uncomputable numbers.
But one such number is 0.00787 49969 97812 3844.
[Mw 67][OEIS 76] 		∑ p ∈ P 2 − | p | {\displaystyle \sum _{p\in P}2^{-|p|}}
  • p: Halted program
  • |p|: Size in bits of program p
  • P: Domain of all programs that stop.
 1975 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Robbins constant[87] Δ ( 3 ) {\displaystyle \Delta (3)} 0.66170 71822 67176 23515 [Mw 68][OEIS 77] 4 + 17 2 − 6 3 − 7 π 105 + ln ⁡ ( 1 + 2 ) 5 + 2 ln ⁡ ( 2 + 3 ) 5 {\displaystyle {\frac {4\!+\!17{\sqrt {2}}\!-6{\sqrt {3}}\!-7\pi }{105}}\!+\!{\frac {\ln(1\!+\!{\sqrt {2}})}{5}}\!+\!{\frac {2\ln(2\!+\!{\sqrt {3}})}{5}}} 1977[OEIS 77] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Weierstrass constant[88] 0.47494 93799 87920 65033 [Mw 69][OEIS 78] 2 5 / 4 π e π / 8 Γ ( 1 4 ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {2^{5/4}{\sqrt {\pi }}\,e^{\pi /8}}{\Gamma ({\frac {1}{4}})^{2}}}} Before 1978[89] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Fransén–Robinson constant[90] F {\displaystyle F} 2.80777 02420 28519 36522 [Mw 70][OEIS 79] ∫ 0 ∞ d x Γ ( x ) = e + ∫ 0 ∞ e − x π 2 + ln 2 ⁡ x d x {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {dx}{\Gamma (x)}}=e+\int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {e^{-x}}{\pi ^{2}+\ln ^{2}x}}\,dx} 1978
Feigenbaum constant α[91] α {\displaystyle \alpha } 2.50290 78750 95892 82228 [Mw 66][OEIS 80] Ratio between the width of a tine and the width of one of its two subtines in a bifurcation diagram 1979
Second du Bois-Reymond constant[92] C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} 0.19452 80494 65325 11361 [Mw 71][OEIS 81] e 2 − 7 2 = ∫ 0 ∞ | d d t ( sin ⁡ t t ) 2 | d t − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {e^{2}-7}{2}}=\int _{0}^{\infty }\left|{{\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\sin t}{t}}\right)^{2}}\right|\,dt-1} 1983[OEIS 81] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Erdős–Tenenbaum–Ford constant δ {\displaystyle \delta } 0.08607 13320 55934 20688 [OEIS 82] 1 − 1 + log ⁡ log ⁡ 2 log ⁡ 2 {\displaystyle 1-{\frac {1+\log \log 2}{\log 2}}} 1984
Conway's constant[93] λ {\displaystyle \lambda } 1.30357 72690 34296 39125 [Mw 72][OEIS 83] Real root of the polynomial:

x 71 − x 69 − 2 x 68 − x 67 + 2 x 66 + 2 x 65 + x 64 − x 63 − x 62 − x 61 − x 60 − x 59 + 2 x 58 + 5 x 57 + 3 x 56 − 2 x 55 − 10 x 54 − 3 x 53 − 2 x 52 + 6 x 51 + 6 x 50 + x 49 + 9 x 48 − 3 x 47 − 7 x 46 − 8 x 45 − 8 x 44 + 10 x 43 + 6 x 42 + 8 x 41 − 5 x 40 − 12 x 39 + 7 x 38 − 7 x 37 + 7 x 36 + x 35 − 3 x 34 + 10 x 33 + x 32 − 6 x 31 − 2 x 30 − 10 x 29 − 3 x 28 + 2 x 27 + 9 x 26 − 3 x 25 + 14 x 24 − 8 x 23 − 7 x 21 + 9 x 20 + 3 x 19 − 4 x 18 − 10 x 17 − 7 x 16 + 12 x 15 + 7 x 14 + 2 x 13 − 12 x 12 − 4 x 11 − 2 x 10 + 5 x 9 + x 7 − 7 x 6 + 7 x 5 − 4 x 4 + 12 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 3 x − 6   =   0 {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}x^{71}-x^{69}-2x^{68}-x^{67}+2x^{66}+2x^{65}+x^{64}-x^{63}-x^{62}-x^{61}-x^{60}\\-x^{59}+2x^{58}+5x^{57}+3x^{56}-2x^{55}-10x^{54}-3x^{53}-2x^{52}+6x^{51}+6x^{50}\\+x^{49}+9x^{48}-3x^{47}-7x^{46}-8x^{45}-8x^{44}+10x^{43}+6x^{42}+8x^{41}-5x^{40}\\-12x^{39}+7x^{38}-7x^{37}+7x^{36}+x^{35}-3x^{34}+10x^{33}+x^{32}-6x^{31}-2x^{30}\\-10x^{29}-3x^{28}+2x^{27}+9x^{26}-3x^{25}+14x^{24}-8x^{23}-7x^{21}+9x^{20}\\+3x^{19}\!-4x^{18}\!-10x^{17}\!-7x^{16}\!+12x^{15}\!+7x^{14}\!+2x^{13}\!-12x^{12}\!-4x^{11}\!-2x^{10}\\+5x^{9}+x^{7}-7x^{6}+7x^{5}-4x^{4}+12x^{3}-6x^{2}+3x-6\ =\ 0\quad \quad \quad \end{smallmatrix}}}

1987 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant[94] σ {\displaystyle \sigma } 0.35323 63718 54995 98454 [Mw 73][OEIS 84] ∏ p  prime ( 1 − ( 1 − ∏ n ≥ 1 ( 1 − 1 p n ) ) 2 ) {\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}{\left(1-\left(1-\prod _{n\geq 1}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p^{n}}}\right)\right)^{2}\right)}\!} 1991[OEIS 84]
Backhouse's constant[95] B {\displaystyle B} 1.45607 49485 82689 67139 [Mw 74][OEIS 85] lim k → ∞ | q k + 1 q k | where: Q ( x ) = 1 P ( x ) = ∑ k = 1 ∞ q k x k {\displaystyle \lim _{k\to \infty }\left|{\frac {q_{k+1}}{q_{k}}}\right\vert \quad \scriptstyle {\text{where:}}\displaystyle \;\;Q(x)={\frac {1}{P(x)}}=\!\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }q_{k}x^{k}}

P ( x ) = 1 + ∑ k = 1 ∞ p k x k = 1 + 2 x + 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 + ⋯ {\displaystyle P(x)=1+\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{p_{k}x^{k}}=1+2x+3x^{2}+5x^{3}+\cdots } where pk is the kth prime number

1995
Viswanath constant[96] 1.13198 82487 943 [Mw 75][OEIS 86] lim n → ∞ | f n | 1 n {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }|f_{n}|^{\frac {1}{n}}}      where fn = fn−1 ± fn−2, where the signs + or − are chosen at random with equal probability 1/2 1997
Komornik–Loreti constant[97] q {\displaystyle q} 1.78723 16501 82965 93301 [Mw 76][OEIS 87] Real number q {\displaystyle q} such that 1 = ∑ k = 1 ∞ t k q k {\displaystyle 1=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {t_{k}}{q^{k}}}} , or ∏ n = 0 ∞ ( 1 − 1 q 2 n ) + q − 2 q − 1 = 0 {\displaystyle \prod _{n=0}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {1}{q^{2^{n}}}}\right)+{\frac {q-2}{q-1}}=0}

where tk is the kth term of the Thue–Morse sequence

1998 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Embree–Trefethen constant β ⋆ {\displaystyle \beta ^{\star }} 0.70258 1999
Heath-Brown–Moroz constant[98] C {\displaystyle C} 0.00131 76411 54853 17810 [Mw 77][OEIS 88] ∏ p  prime ( 1 − 1 p ) 7 ( 1 + 7 p + 1 p 2 ) {\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {1}{p}}\right)^{7}\left(1+{\frac {7p+1}{p^{2}}}\right)} 1999[OEIS 88]
MRB constant[99][100][101] S {\displaystyle S} 0.18785 96424 62067 12024 [Mw 78][Ow 1][OEIS 89] ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( n 1 / n − 1 ) = − 1 1 + 2 2 − 3 3 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}(n^{1/n}-1)=-{\sqrt[{1}]{1}}+{\sqrt[{2}]{2}}-{\sqrt[{3}]{3}}+\cdots } 1999
Prime constant[102] ρ {\displaystyle \rho } 0.41468 25098 51111 66024 [OEIS 90] ∑ p  prime 1 2 p = 1 4 + 1 8 + 1 32 + ⋯ {\displaystyle \sum _{p{\text{ prime}}}{\frac {1}{2^{p}}}={\frac {1}{4}}+{\frac {1}{8}}+{\frac {1}{32}}+\cdots } 1999[OEIS 90] R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Somos' quadratic recurrence constant[103] σ {\displaystyle \sigma } 1.66168 79496 33594 12129 [Mw 79][OEIS 91] ∏ n = 1 ∞ n 1 / 2 n = 1 2 3 ⋯ = 1 1 / 2 2 1 / 4 3 1 / 8 ⋯ {\displaystyle \prod _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{{1/2}^{n}}={\sqrt {1{\sqrt {2{\sqrt {3\cdots }}}}}}=1^{1/2}\;2^{1/4}\;3^{1/8}\cdots } 1999[Mw 79]
Foias constant[104] α {\displaystyle \alpha } 1.18745 23511 26501 05459 [Mw 80][OEIS 92] x n + 1 = ( 1 + 1 x n ) n  for  n = 1 , 2 , 3 , … {\displaystyle x_{n+1}=\left(1+{\frac {1}{x_{n}}}\right)^{n}{\text{ for }}n=1,2,3,\ldots }

Foias constant is the unique real number such that if x1 = α then the sequence diverges to infinity.

2000
Logarithmic capacity of the unit disk[105][106] 0.59017 02995 08048 11302[Mw 81][OEIS 93] Γ ( 1 4 ) 2 4 π 3 / 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\Gamma ({\tfrac {1}{4}})^{2}}{4\pi ^{3/2}}}} Before 2003[OEIS 93] R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Taniguchi constant[81] 0.67823 44919 17391 97803[Mw 82][OEIS 94] ∏ p  prime ( 1 − 3 p 3 + 2 p 4 + 1 p 5 − 1 p 6 ) {\displaystyle \prod _{p{\text{ prime}}}\left(1-{\frac {3}{p^{3}}}+{\frac {2}{p^{4}}}+{\frac {1}{p^{5}}}-{\frac {1}{p^{6}}}\right)} Before 2005[81]

Mathematical constants sorted by their representations as continued fractions

The following list includes the continued fractions of some constants and is sorted by their representations. Continued fractions with more than 20 known terms have been truncated, with an ellipsis to show that they continue. Rational numbers have two continued fractions; the version in this list is the shorter one. Decimal representations are rounded or padded to 10 places if the values are known.

Name Symbol Set Decimal expansion Continued fraction Notes
Zero 0 Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } 0.00000 00000 [0; ]
Golomb–Dickman constant λ {\displaystyle \lambda } 0.62432 99885 [0; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 22, 1, 2, 3, 1, 1, 11, 1, 1, 2, 22, 2, 6, 1, 1, …][OEIS 95] E. Weisstein noted that the continued fraction has an unusually large number of 1s.[Mw 83]
Cahen's constant C 2 {\displaystyle C_{2}} R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} } 0.64341 05463 [0; 1, 1, 1, 22, 32, 132, 1292, 252982, 4209841472, 2694251407415154862, …][OEIS 96] All terms are squares and truncated at 10 terms due to large size. Davison and Shallit used the continued fraction expansion to prove that the constant is transcendental.
Euler–Mascheroni constant γ {\displaystyle \gamma } 0.57721 56649[107] [0; 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 4, 3, 13, 5, 1, 1, 8, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 40, 1, …] [107][OEIS 97] Using the continued fraction expansion, it was shown that if γ is rational, its denominator must exceed 10244663.
First continued fraction constant C 1 {\displaystyle C_{1}} R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} } 0.69777 46579 [0; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, …] Equal to the ratio I 1 ( 2 ) / I 0 ( 2 ) {\displaystyle I_{1}(2)/I_{0}(2)} of modified Bessel functions of the first kind evaluated at 2.
Catalan's constant G {\displaystyle G} 0.91596 55942[108] [0; 1, 10, 1, 8, 1, 88, 4, 1, 1, 7, 22, 1, 2, 3, 26, 1, 11, 1, 10, 1, …] [108][OEIS 98] Computed up to 4851389025 terms by E. Weisstein.[Mw 84]
One half 1/2 Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} } 0.50000 00000 [0; 2]
Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant τ {\displaystyle \tau } R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} } 0.41245 40336 [0; 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 5, 44, 1, 4, 1, 2, 4, 1, …][OEIS 99] Infinitely many partial quotients are 4 or 5, and infinitely many partial quotients are greater than or equal to 50.[109]
Copeland–Erdős constant C C E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}_{CE}} R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} } 0.23571 11317 [0; 4, 4, 8, 16, 18, 5, 1, 1, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 6, 2, 9, 58, 1, 3, 4, …][OEIS 100] Computed up to 1011597392 terms by E. Weisstein. He also noted that while the Champernowne constant continued fraction contains sporadic large terms, the continued fraction of the Copeland–Erdős Constant do not exhibit this property.[Mw 85]
Base 10 Champernowne constant C 10 {\displaystyle C_{10}} R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} } 0.12345 67891 [0; 8, 9, 1, 149083, 1, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 1, 3, 4, 1, 1, 1, 15, 4.57540×10165, 6, 1, …] [OEIS 101] Champernowne constants in any base exhibit sporadic large numbers; the 40th term in C 10 {\displaystyle C_{10}} has 2504 digits.
One 1 N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 1.00000 00000 [1; ]
Phi, Golden ratio φ {\displaystyle \varphi } A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} } 1.61803 39887[110] [1; 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, …] [111] The convergents are ratios of successive Fibonacci numbers.
Brun's constant B 2 {\displaystyle B_{2}} 1.90216 05831 [1; 1, 9, 4, 1, 1, 8, 3, 4, 7, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 12, 4, 2, 1, …] The nth roots of the denominators of the nth convergents are close to Khinchin's constant, suggesting that B 2 {\displaystyle B_{2}} is irrational. If true, this will prove the twin prime conjecture.[112]
Square root of 2 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} } 1.41421 35624 [1; 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, …] The convergents are ratios of successive Pell numbers.
Two 2 N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 2.00000 00000 [2; ]
Euler's number e {\displaystyle e} R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} } 2.71828 18285[113] [2; 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, 1, 6, 1, 1, 8, 1, 1, 10, 1, 1, 12, 1, 1, 14, …] [114][OEIS 102] The continued fraction expansion has the pattern [2; 1, 2, 1, 1, 4, 1, ..., 1, 2n, 1, ...].
Khinchin's constant K 0 {\displaystyle K_{0}} 2.68545 20011[115] [2; 1, 2, 5, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 10, 2, 1, 3, 2, 24, 1, 3, 2, 3, 1, …] [116][OEIS 103] For almost all real numbers x, the coefficients of the continued fraction of x have a finite geometric mean known as Khinchin's constant.
Three 3 N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } 3.00000 00000 [3; ]
Pi π {\displaystyle \pi } R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} } 3.14159 26536 [3; 7, 15, 1, 292, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 14, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, …] [OEIS 104] The first few convergents (3, 22/7, 333/106, 355/113, ...) are among the best-known and most widely used historical approximations of π.

Sequences of constants

Name Symbol Formula Year Set
Harmonic number H n {\displaystyle H_{n}} ∑ k = 1 n 1 k {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{k}}} Antiquity Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
Gregory coefficients G n {\displaystyle G_{n}} 1 n ! ∫ 0 1 x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ⋯ ( x − n + 1 ) d x = ∫ 0 1 ( x n ) d x {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{n!}}\int _{0}^{1}x(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n+1)\,dx=\int _{0}^{1}{\binom {x}{n}}\,dx} 1670 Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
Bernoulli number B n ± {\displaystyle B_{n}^{\pm }} t 2 ( coth ⁡ t 2 ± 1 ) = ∑ m = 0 ∞ B m ± t m m ! {\displaystyle {\frac {t}{2}}\left(\operatorname {coth} {\frac {t}{2}}\pm 1\right)=\sum _{m=0}^{\infty }{\frac {B_{m}^{\pm {}}t^{m}}{m!}}} 1689 Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
Hermite constants[Mw 86] γ n {\displaystyle \gamma _{n}} For a lattice L in Euclidean space Rn with unit covolume, i.e. vol(Rn/L) = 1, let λ1(L) denote the least length of a nonzero element of L. Then √γnn is the maximum of λ1(L) over all such lattices L. 1822 to 1901 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Hafner–Sarnak–McCurley constant[117] D ( n ) {\displaystyle D(n)} D ( n ) = ∏ k = 1 ∞ { 1 − [ 1 − ∏ j = 1 n ( 1 − p k − j ) ] 2 } {\displaystyle D(n)=\prod _{k=1}^{\infty }\left\{1-\left[1-\prod _{j=1}^{n}(1-p_{k}^{-j})\right]^{2}\right\}} 1883[Mw 87] R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Stieltjes constants γ n {\displaystyle \gamma _{n}} ( − 1 ) n n ! 2 π ∫ 0 2 π e − n i x ζ ( e i x + 1 ) d x . {\displaystyle {\frac {(-1)^{n}n!}{2\pi }}\int _{0}^{2\pi }e^{-nix}\zeta \left(e^{ix}+1\right)dx.} before 1894 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Favard constants[47][Mw 88] K r {\displaystyle K_{r}} 4 π ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 ) r + 1 = 4 π ( ( − 1 ) 0 ( r + 1 ) 1 r + ( − 1 ) 1 ( r + 1 ) 3 r + ( − 1 ) 2 ( r + 1 ) 5 r + ( − 1 ) 3 ( r + 1 ) 7 r + ⋯ ) {\displaystyle {\frac {4}{\pi }}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left({\frac {(-1)^{n}}{2n+1}}\right)^{\!r+1}={\frac {4}{\pi }}\left({\frac {(-1)^{0(r+1)}}{1^{r}}}+{\frac {(-1)^{1(r+1)}}{3^{r}}}+{\frac {(-1)^{2(r+1)}}{5^{r}}}+{\frac {(-1)^{3(r+1)}}{7^{r}}}+\cdots \right)} 1902 to 1965 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Generalized Brun's Constant[55] B n {\displaystyle B_{n}} ∑ p ( 1 p + 1 p + n ) {\displaystyle {\sum \limits _{p}({\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{p+n}})}} where the sum ranges over all primes p such that p + n is also a prime 1919[OEIS 45] R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Champernowne constants[66] C b {\displaystyle C_{b}} Defined by concatenating representations of successive integers in base b.

C b = ∑ n = 1 ∞ n b ( ∑ k = 1 n ⌈ log b ⁡ ( k + 1 ) ⌉ ) {\displaystyle C_{b}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {n}{b^{\left(\sum _{k=1}^{n}\lceil \log _{b}(k+1)\rceil \right)}}}}

1933 R ∖ A {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {A} }
Lagrange number L ( n ) {\displaystyle L(n)} 9 − 4 m n 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {9-{\frac {4}{{m_{n}}^{2}}}}}} where m n {\displaystyle m_{n}} is the nth smallest number such that m 2 + x 2 + y 2 = 3 m x y {\displaystyle m^{2}+x^{2}+y^{2}=3mxy\,} has positive (x,y). before 1957 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Feller's coin-tossing constants α k , β k {\displaystyle \alpha _{k},\beta _{k}} α k {\displaystyle \alpha _{k}} is the smallest positive real root of x k + 1 = 2 k + 1 ( x − 1 ) , β k = 2 − α k k + 1 − k α k {\displaystyle x^{k+1}=2^{k+1}(x-1),\beta _{k}={\frac {2-\alpha _{k}}{k+1-k\alpha _{k}}}} 1968 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Stoneham number α b , c {\displaystyle \alpha _{b,c}} ∑ n = c k > 1 1 b n n = ∑ k = 1 ∞ 1 b c k c k {\displaystyle \sum _{n=c^{k}>1}{\frac {1}{b^{n}n}}=\sum _{k=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{b^{c^{k}}c^{k}}}} where b,c are coprime integers. 1973 R ∖ Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} \setminus \mathbb {Q} }
Beraha constants B ( n ) {\displaystyle B(n)} 2 + 2 cos ⁡ ( 2 π n ) {\displaystyle 2+2\cos \left({\frac {2\pi }{n}}\right)} 1974 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }
Chvátal–Sankoff constants γ k {\displaystyle \gamma _{k}} lim n → ∞ E [ λ n , k ] n {\displaystyle \lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {E[\lambda _{n,k}]}{n}}} 1975 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Hyperharmonic number H n ( r ) {\displaystyle H_{n}^{(r)}} ∑ k = 1 n H k ( r − 1 ) {\displaystyle \sum _{k=1}^{n}H_{k}^{(r-1)}} and H n ( 0 ) = 1 n {\displaystyle H_{n}^{(0)}={\frac {1}{n}}} 1995 Q {\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }
Gregory number G x {\displaystyle G_{x}} ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) x 2 n + 1 {\displaystyle \sum _{n=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}{\frac {1}{(2n+1)x^{2n+1}}}} for rational x greater than one. before 1996 R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
Metallic mean n + n 2 + 4 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {n+{\sqrt {n^{2}+4}}}{2}}} before 1998 A {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Both i and −i are roots of this equation, though neither root is truly "positive" nor more fundamental than the other as they are algebraically equivalent. The distinction between signs of i and −i is in some ways arbitrary, but a useful notational device. See imaginary unit for more information.

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Site MathWorld Wolfram.com

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  2. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Pythagoras's Constant". MathWorld.
  3. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Theodorus's Constant". MathWorld.
  4. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golden Ratio". MathWorld.
  5. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Silver Ratio". MathWorld.
  6. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Delian Constant". MathWorld.
  7. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Self-Avoiding Walk Connective Constant". MathWorld.
  8. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Polygon Inscribing". MathWorld.
  9. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Wallis's Constant". MathWorld.
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  11. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Natural Logarithm of 2". MathWorld.
  12. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Lemniscate Constant". MathWorld.
  13. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Euler–Mascheroni Constant". MathWorld.
  14. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Erdos-Borwein Constant". MathWorld.
  15. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Omega Constant". MathWorld.
  16. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Apéry's Constant". MathWorld.
  17. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Laplace Limit". MathWorld.
  18. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Soldner's Constant". MathWorld.
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  21. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Liouville's Constant". MathWorld.
  22. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Continued Fraction Constants". MathWorld.
  23. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Ramanujan Constant". MathWorld.
  24. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Glaisher-Kinkelin Constant". MathWorld.
  25. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Catalan's Constant". MathWorld.
  26. ^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Dottie Number". MathWorld.
  27. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Mertens Constant". MathWorld.
  28. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Universal Parabolic Constant". MathWorld.
  29. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Cahen's Constant". MathWorld.
  30. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gelfonds Constant". MathWorld.
  31. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gelfond-Schneider Constant". MathWorld.
  32. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Favard Constants". MathWorld.
  33. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golden Angle". MathWorld.
  34. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Sierpinski Constant". MathWorld.
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  36. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Nielsen-Ramanujan Constants". MathWorld.
  37. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gieseking's Constant". MathWorld.
  38. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Bernstein's Constant". MathWorld.
  39. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Tribonacci Constant". MathWorld.
  40. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Brun's Constant". MathWorld.
  41. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Twin Primes Constant". MathWorld.
  42. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Plastic Constant". MathWorld.
  43. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Bloch Constant". MathWorld.
  44. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Confidence Interval". MathWorld.
  45. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Landau Constant". MathWorld.
  46. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Thue-Morse Constant". MathWorld.
  47. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Golomb–Dickman Constant". MathWorld.
  48. ^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Lebesgue Constants". MathWorld.
  49. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Feller–Tornier Constant". MathWorld.
  50. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Champernowne Constant". MathWorld.
  51. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Salem Constants". MathWorld.
  52. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Khinchin's Constant". MathWorld.
  53. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Levy Constant". MathWorld.
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  55. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Copeland–Erdos Constant". MathWorld.
  56. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Mills Constant". MathWorld.
  57. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Gompertz Constant". MathWorld.
  58. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Artin's Constant". MathWorld.
  59. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Porter's Constant". MathWorld.
  60. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Lochs' Constant". MathWorld.
  61. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Liebs Square Ice Constant". MathWorld.
  62. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Niven's Constant". MathWorld.
  63. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Stephen's Constant". MathWorld.
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  75. ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Random Fibonacci Sequence". MathWorld.
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Site OEIS Wiki

  1. ^ MRB constant

Bibliography

  • Arndt, Jörg; Haenel, Christoph (2006). Pi Unleashed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-66572-4. Retrieved 2013-06-05. English translation by Catriona and David Lischka.
  • Jensen, Johan Ludwig William Valdemar (1895), "Note numéro 245. Deuxième réponse. Remarques relatives aux réponses du MM. Franel et Kluyver", L'Intermédiaire des Mathématiciens, II: 346–347
  • Cuyt, Annie A.M.; Petersen, Vigdis; Verdonk, Brigitte; Waadeland, Haakon; Jones, William B. (2008). "Mathematical constants". Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science + Business Media. ISBN 9781402069499.
  • Borwein, Jonathan; van der Poorten, Alf; Shallit, Jeffrey; Zudilin, Wadim (2014). Neverending Fractions: An Introduction to Continued Fractions. Australian Mathematical Society Lecture Series. Vol. 23. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521186490. ISSN 0950-2815.

Further reading

  • Wolfram, Stephen. "4: Systems Based on Numbers". Section 5: Mathematical Constants — Continued fractions. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

External links

  • Inverse Symbolic Calculator, Plouffe's Inverter
  • Constants – from Wolfram MathWorld
  • On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS)
  • Steven Finch's page of mathematical constants
  • Xavier Gourdon and Pascal Sebah's page of numbers, mathematical constants and algorithms
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