List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
This is a list of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) (962–1806[1]), since 1512 also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ).[2]
- Victory
- Defeat
- Another result
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
Conflict and date | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result | Ruling King/Emperor |
---|---|---|---|---|
Otto I's raid on Poland (963) | Holy Roman Empire | Duchy of Poland | Victory | Otto I. |
German–Danish war of 974 | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Denmark Norwegian vasal | Victory | Otto II |
Franco-German War of 978-980 | Holy Roman Empire | West Francia | Status quo ante bellum | Otto II |
Otto II's raid on Poland | Holy Roman Empire | Civitas Schinesghe | Defeat | Otto II |
Slavic revolt of 983 | Holy Roman Empire | Wends | Defeat | Otto II |
Polish-Saxon Invasion of Veleti (985) | Duchy of Poland Holy Roman Empire | Veleti | Victory | Otto III |
Polish-Bohemian War (990) | Duchy of Bohemia | 'Victory | Otto III | |
Polish-German invasion of Veleti (992) | Veleti | Victory | Otto III | |
Polish-German invasion of Obotrites (995) | Obotrites | Victory | Otto III | |
German–Polish War (1003–1018) | Holy Roman Empire | Duchy of Poland | Peace of Bautzen | Henry II |
Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis (1015–1019) | Duchy of Poland | Kievan Rus' | Victory
| Henry II |
German–Polish War (1028–1031) | Holy Roman Empire
Kievan Rus' (from 1030) | Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031) | Victory | Conrad II |
Emperor Conrad II's military campaign against Hungary (1030–1031) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat
| Conrad II |
German-Hungarian Wars (1042–1043) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Victory | Henry III |
Henry III's military campaign against Hungary (1044) | Holy Roman Empire Peter Orseolo and his allies | The army of King Samuel Aba | Victory
| Henry III |
War between King Peter and Prince Andrew (1046) | King Peter's army | Prince Andrew's army | Defeat | Henry III |
Emperor Henry III's military campaigns against Hungary (1051–1052) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat | Henry III |
German-Hungarian border War (1056–1058) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Stalemate
| Henry IV |
Civil War between King Andrew I and his brother, Prince Bela (1060) | King Andrew I's army | Prince Béla's army | Defeat | Henry IV |
German invasion of Hungary (1063) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Victory | Henry IV |
Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 | Holy Roman Empire | German rebels | Victory | Henry IV |
German-Flemish war | Holy Roman Empire | County of Flanders | Status quo ante bellum | Henry V |
Henry V's expedition to Poland | Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia | Kingdom of Poland | Defeat | Henry V |
War of Bohemian Succession (1125–1140) | Holy Roman Empire | Duchy of Bohemia | Defeat | Lothair III |
Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines
| Ghibellines' 1st phase 2nd phase
| Guelphs' 1st phase 2nd phase
| 1st phase:Peace of Constance (1186) 2nd phase:Stalemate (1392)
| Frederick I |
German–Polish War | Holy Roman Empire | Mieszko III the Old | Mieszko III the Old's victory/Roman defeat | Conrad III of Germany |
Wendish Crusade (1147) |
|
| Victory
| Conrad III of Germany |
Second Crusade (1147–1150) | Holy Roman Empire Other Crusaders | Emirate of Damascus other Muslim and Pagan entities in East Central Europe, Iberia and the Near East. | Victories in East Central Europe and Iberia. Defeat in the Holy Land. | Conrad III of Germany |
Frederick I's expedition to Głogów | Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia | Kingdom of Poland Cumania Old Prussians | Victory | Frederick I Barbarossa |
Henry VI's conquest of Sicily | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Sicily | Victory | Henry VI |
Third Crusade (1189–1192) | Holy Roman Empire Other Crusaders | Ayyubids | Small Gains for the Crusaders. Jerusalem stays under Ayyubid control. | Frederick I Barbarossa |
Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) | Crusaders from: | In Europe: | Victory | Otto IV |
Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) | Crusaders: Levant: Military orders: | Muslim forces: | Defeat | Frederick II |
Anglo-French War (1213–1214) | Angevin Empire | Kingdom of France | Defeat | Otto IV |
Sixth Crusade (1227–1229) | Holy Roman Empire including in Personal Union: | Ayyubids | Kingdom of Jerusalem regains Jerusalem through peaceful negotiations. | Frederick II |
War of the Lombards | Holy Roman Empire Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
| Kingdom of Cyprus Anti-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem | Defeat | Frederick II |
Great Interregnum[1] 1245/50–1273/5 | Hohenstaufen party
| Welf party
| Compromise
| |
Hussite Wars (1419–1434) | Catholic Church, Crusades and Loyalists: | Bohemian Wars: | Eventual defeat for Radical Hussites, Victory for Moderate Hussites and Catholics | Sigismund |
Austrian–Hungarian War (1477–1488) | Holy Roman Empire | Kingdom of Hungary | Defeat | Frederick III |
Italian War of 1494–1498 | 1494: Kingdom of Naples 1495: League of Venice Papal States Republic of Venice Kingdom of Naples Kingdoms of Spain Duchy of Milan Holy Roman Empire Republic of Florence England (1496–98) | Kingdom of France Duchy of Milan (before 1495) | Victory | Maximilian I |
Swabian War (1499) | Holy Roman Empire | Old Swiss Confederacy | Swiss Victory Peace of Basel
| Maximilian I |
Italian War of 1521–1526 | Holy Roman Empire Spain England Papal States (1521–1523 and 1525–1526) | France Republic of Venice | Victory | Charles V |
War of the League of Cognac (1526–1530) | Pro-Habsburg:
| League of Cognac: | Victory | Charles V |
Little War in Hungary (1526–1568) | Holy Roman Empire Royal Hungary | Ottoman Empire John Szapolyai's Hungarian kingdom | Defeat | Charles V |
Conquest of Tunis (1535) | Spanish Empire | Ottoman Empire Kingdom of France | Habsburg and allied victory
| Charles V |
Italian War of 1536–1538 | Holy Roman Empire Spain | Kingdom of France Ottoman Empire | Truce of Nice | Charles V |
Italian War of 1542–1546 | Holy Roman Empire Saxony Brandenburg Spain England | France Ottoman Empire Jülich-Cleves-Berg | Inconclusive | Charles V |
Schmalkaldic War 1546–1547 | Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Spain Habsburg Hungary Supported by: Papal States | Schmalkaldic League:
Supported by: | Victory
| Charles V |
Second Schmalkaldic War March–August 1552 | Imperial–Habsburg forces | Protestant princes | Protestant victory
| Charles V |
Long Turkish War (1593–1606) |
| Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive | Rudolph II |
War of the Jülich Succession (1609–1614) | 1609–1610: Holy Roman Empire Principality of Strasbourg Prince-Bishopric of Liège Catholic League | 1609–1610: Margraviate of Brandenburg Palatinate-Neuburg United Provinces Kingdom of France Protestant Union | Treaty of Xanten | Rudolph II |
War of the Montferrat Succession | Supporting the Duke of Mantua: Duchy of Mantua Montferrat Tuscany (1613) Spanish Empire France (1613–14) Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Naples Genoa | Supporting the Duke of Savoy: Duchy of Savoy Montferrat Tuscany (1613) France (1615–17) Venice | Victory
| Matthias |
Uskok War | Holy Roman Empire Kingdom of Croatia Spain | Republic of Venice Dutch Republic England | Treaty of Madrid (1617)
| Matthias |
Thirty Years' War 1618–1648 | Imperial alliance prior to 1635[a]
Post–1635 Peace of Prague | Anti-Imperial alliance prior to 1635[b] |
| Ferdinand III |
Upper Austrian peasant war of 1626 | Holy Roman Empire Bavaria | Austrian Rebels | Victory | Adam Von Herberstorff |
Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) | League of the Rhine: Kingdom of France Piedmont-Savoy | Ottoman Empire | Peace of Vasvár | Leopold I |
Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678) |
|
| Treaty of Nijmegen | Leopold I |
War of the Reunions | Spain Co-belligerent: Holy Roman Empire Genoa | France | Defeat | Leopold I |
Great Turkish War (1683–1699) | Holy Roman Empire | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| Leopold I |
Nine Years War (1688–1697) | Holy Roman Empire (until 1691) | France | Treaty of Ryswick | Leopold I |
War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) | Holy Roman Empire England (until 1707) Great Britain (from 1707) | France Bavaria (until 1704) Cologne (until 1702) Mantua (until 1708) | Treaties of Utrecht (1713), Rastatt (1714) and Baden (1714)
| Leopold I |
Rákóczi's War of Independence |
Foreign mercenaries:
|
Minorities:
Foreign mercenaries and volunteers: | Victory | Leopold I |
War of the Polish Succession (1733–1735) | Holy Roman Empire | France | Treaty of Vienna
| Charles VI |
Liège Revolution (1789–1791) | Holy Roman Empire | Liège Rebels Supported by:Prussia | Foundation of Liège Republic (1789); reversion to Prince-Bishopric(1791); annexation by France (1795) | Leopold II |
War of the First Coalition (mostly the Low Countries theatre) 1792–1797 | First Coalition: Dutch Republic Holy Roman Empire
Great Britain
| Kingdom of the French (1792) French First Republic (from 1792)
Spanish Empire (1796–97)
| French Republican victory
| Francis II |
War of the Second Coalition 1798–1802 | Second Coalition:
|
| French victory
| Francis II |
War of the Third Coalition 1803–1806 | Third Coalition:
|
| French victory
| Francis II |
See also
- Reichskrieg
- Army of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsarmee)
- Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) (Kaiserliche Armee)
- Imperial Military Constitution
- Imperial Register
- Roman Month
- List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560
- List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829)
- List of wars involving Francia (5th century–987, including West, Middle and East Francia)
- List of wars involving Germany (1806–present)
- Wars and battles involving Prussia (1656–1947)
Notes
- ^ States that allied at some point between 1618 and 1635
- ^ States that fought against the Emperor at some point between 1618 and 1635
- ^ The French First Republic transformed into the First French Empire on 18 May 1804 with the adoption of the Constitution of the Year XII. The Coronation of Napoleon took place on 2 December 1804.
- ^ Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of Habsburg proclaimed the Austrian Empire on 11 August 1804, elevating the Habsburg monarchy to imperial status by himself. The indirect causes of this move are the French conquest of the Rhineland and further expansion into Germany and the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, which curbed the meaning and power of the Holy Roman Empire/Emperor. The direct cause of Francis' proclamation was the adoption of the new French Constitution of 18 May 1804, which appointed Napoleon as Emperor of the French (followed by his coronation on 2 December 1804). Instead of an increasingly meaningless and non-hereditary title that was dependent on the cooperation of the Electors and was limited to only the northwestern parts of his Hausmacht, Francis now made all Austrian Habsburg possessions into a unified hereditary empire.
References
- ^ a b c "Duitsland §6. Geschiedenis". Encarta Encyclopedie Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.
- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 2.
- ^ Angelov, Dimiter (2019). The Byzantine Hellene: The Life of Emperor Theodore Laskaris and Byzantium in the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. p.89.
- ^ Croxton 2013, pp. 225–226.
- ^ a b Heitz & Rischer 1995, p. 232.
Bibliography
- Croxton, Derek (2013). The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
- Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern; History in data; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (in German). Koehler&Amelang. ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- Wilson, Peter H. (23 July 1999). The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-349-27649-3.