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Liwa Zainebiyoun

Liwa Zainebiyoun
لواء زينبیون
Also known asHezbollah Pakistan
Founder
Known CommandersSaqib Haider Karbalai ("Haj Haider") †
(2012–2017)[1]
Tehran Turi
(2017–2025)[2][3]
Irshad Hussain ("Qalandar") X
(until 2024)[4][2]
Dates of operation2012 (de facto,[5] but officially in late 2014) – present[6]
Split from Liwa Fatemiyoun
Allegiance
HeadquartersIran (Mashhad and Qom)[7][8]
Active regions
Ideology

Factions:

Sloganإِن يَنصُرْكُمُ ٱللَّهُ فَلَا غَالِبَ لَكُمْ [Quran 3:160]
"If Allah helps you, none can defeat you."[e]
StatusActive (banned in Pakistan)[34]
Size~Several hundreds (est. 2014)[19]
c. 800–2400+ (est. 2019)[19]
c. 2500–4500+ (est. 2020/24)[32][18]
c. 2,000–5,000+ (est. 2021)[35][36][37]
c. 5,000–8,000+ (est. 2025)[38][39]
Part ofIslamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Axis of Resistance[33][40]
AlliesState allies Non-State allies
In Syria:

In Afghanistan:

In Lebanon:

In Azerbaijan:

In Yemen:

In Iraq:

In Bahrain:

In Pakistan:

OpponentsState opponents

Non-State opponents
In Syria:

In Pakistan:

In Iran:

In Afghanistan:

Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by

The Followers of Zainab Brigade (Arabic: لِوَاء الزَّيْنَبِيُون, romanized: Liwā' az-Zaynabīyūn, Persian: لواء زينبیون, romanized: Liwa Zeinabiyoun, Urdu: لواء زينبیون, romanized: Liwa Zaynabiyoun) also known as the Zainabiyoun Brigade,[p] Lashkar-e-Zainabiyoun,[q] or the Zainabiyoun Division,[r] is a Shia Pakistani Khomeinist militant group. It was actively engaged in the Syrian Civil War against ISIL.[90][9] It draws recruits mainly from Shia Pakistanis living in Iran,[9][91] with some also from the Shia Muslim communities living in various regions of Pakistan,[6][92][93] as well as Shia Afghan refugees living in Pakistan.[94] The Brigade had sent thousands of fighters to Syria, Iraq, and Yemen to fight against ISIL and other groups and factions under the support of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[95]

It was formed and trained by the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and operates under their command.[9][96] Initially tasked with defending the Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque,[10][11] it entered frontlines since then across Syria, until 2024.[6] Its dead are buried primarily in Iran.[9][11] A minimum of 158 of their fighters had died in Syria as of March 2019 (based on publicly announced funeral services), excluding those killed in Israeli airstrikes.[27] According to 2019 estimates, the total number of Pakistani fighters in the brigade barely exceeded 800.[19]

Overview

[edit]

Background

[edit]
Main articles: Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan and Tehreek-e-Jafaria (Pakistan)
Further information: Sectarian violence in Pakistan

The initial core of Liwa Zainebiyoun constituted of former members and fighters of Tehreek-e-Jafaria Pakistan and Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan, former Shia Islamist political party and the ladder being a Shia Islamist armed organisation in Pakistan both of which fought against the Anti-Shia sectarian leadership of the banned terrorist groups Sipah-e-Sahaba and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi. Both of these groups had strong presence in Shia communities of Pakistan and were headquartered in Thokar Niaz Beg the Shia majority town of Lahore, where they ran a "virtual state within a state" in the 1990s until the collapse of their presence there by 2007 or 2010.[97][98]

Later around 2012 or 2013 their former members joined and fought as part of the Shia Syrian Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas brigade and later the Shia Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun Brigade during the early years of the Syrian civil war, before forming the Zainebiyoun Brigade as a Pakistani Shiite volunteer group, which was formed soon after the Liwa Fatemiyoun Brigade, under the orders of IRGC-QF.[99]

During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), many Shia Pakistanis and Shia Indians volunteered to fight against Iraq for Iran.[100][101] It is believed that these former volunteers later became high-ranking commanders in the Zainabiyoun brigade, similar to how former members of the Shia Tehran Eight and the Shia Abuzar Brigade became high ranking members of Liwa Fatemiyoun.[102]

Role in Syria

[edit]

According to news sources affiliated with the IRGC, the group was founded in Syria and Iraq during the rise of Anti-Shia sectarian attacks by Salafi Jihadist organisations al-Qaeda and ISIL in Arab spring unrest and it officially started the armed operations late in 2014 especially in Syrian civil war to support Syrian government forces against the ISIL for targeting holy sites of Shia muslims in Syria.[103] Liwa Zainabiyoun's fighters also were involved limitedly in War in Iraq (2013–2017) and Yemeni civil war under the support of IRGC’s Quds Force as the Brigade is the part of Iran's Axis of Resistance. According to sources affiliated with the IRGC, its official purpose is to defend the Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque (the shrine of Zaynab bint Ali, sister of Imam Hussain and granddaughter of the prophet Muhammad) and other Shia holy sites in Syria and Iraq and to protect IRGC interests in Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict[19] also in Iran–Israel proxy conflict.[10] It had operated primarily in Damascus, Aleppo and other regions of Syria defending holy sites from ISIL until 2024.[9][104][6][105] On the 25th of February 2021, a contingent of Zaianiyoun fighters were sent to Kuweires Military Airport in Aleppo from the Homs countryside, with support from Hezbollah, in order to reinforce Syrian regime troops.[106] Following the Fall of the Assad regime, its fighters had moved to Iraq, after Iran and Russia withdrew their forces from Syria.[16][18][17]

Recruitment and training

[edit]
Main article: Foreign fighters in the Syrian civil war § Pakistan

The Pakistani Shiite volunteers have been fighting in various conflicts since 2012 especially in Syrian civil war on pro-government side under the orders of IRGC against ISIL and its subgroups.[10] In addition, large numbers of Pakistani Shia fighters have fought on the pro-government side as part of the Zeinabiyoun Brigade, which had up to 1,000 fighters in Syria.[5] They originally fought in the Iraqi Abu Fadl al-Abbas Brigade and later the Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun brigade, and only became numerous enough to warrant a distinct brigade in either late 2014[107][108] or early 2015.[6] Some of the fighters are Hazaras[91][93] and Balochis[109] (mainly from Quetta)[93] while others are Pashtuns (mainly from Parachinar, Kurram, KPK),[19][93][110] Punjabis[110] (mainly from Sahiwal, as well as Lahore in Punjab, mostly from Thokar Niaz Beg),[110][93] Gilgitis andBaltis from Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan,[111] Karachan/Karachite (including Muhajirs, Sindhis, and others) from Karachi[112][35] and Kashmiris from the Kashmir.[113] Like other Shiite foreign brigades in Syria, it is funded, trained, and overseen by the IRGC.[5][13]

According to one source, Iran had offered the fighters a financial incentive in the form of a monthly salary of $500–700, nearly half of what most Pakistanis earned in a year. As per another source, according to the Zainabiyoun Facebook page, volunteers must be between 18-35 years of age and physically fit. They were offered up to Rs.120,000 ($1200) as a monthly salary with 15 days of holidays after three months.[70] While another source claims that Pakistani migrants were offered citizenship, jobs, and a steady income for themselves and their families, and thus were made to feel obliged to agree to fight on conditions that Iran imposed on them. Otherwise, they would've face deportation.[114] This source also claimed that Pakistani fighters were offered an average monthly salary of around 120,000 rupees ($700-750) in return for fighting under given conditions and were even promised 15-day holidays after three months, according to this other source.[114] The IRGC had also been reported to pay fighters about $500 per month, by another source.[93] According to Pakistani counter-insurgency officials, fighters recruited, by pro-Iran groups in Pakistan, for the war in Syria were being paid Rs.60,000 ($573) to Rs.110,000 ($1,050) per month.[93]

After arriving in Damascus, fighters were often transferred to the Shibani camp just West of the city in order to receive their respective assignments.[115]

Losses of volunteer fighters

[edit]
Main article: Armed factions in the Syrian civil war § Foreign Shia militias

In 2019, the U.S. State Department claimed that the over 158 Pakistani national fighters of Iranian-backed Zainebiyoun Brigade were killed in Syria between January 2012 and August 2018.[34]

Funeral for pro-Iran fighters in Qom who were killed fighting in Syria. Zainabiyoun's flag can be seen in back to the centre

On 9 April 2015, seven fighters were killed defending the Imam Hasan Mosque in Damascus and were buried in Qom, Iran.[10] In March 2016, six fighters were killed defending the Imam Reza shrine, also buried in Qom.[22] On 23 April, five more fighters were killed.[23]

On the 10th November 2016, funeral ceremonies were held in Qom, Iran, for 9 Zainabiyoun fighters who were killed in Aleppo.[116]

An estimated 70 fighters were killed between November 2014 and March 2016.[6]

In February 2018, the brigade was involved in the Battle of Khasham along with Russian Wagner Group and Interbrigades[117][118][119] against the US special forces and the US-backed Syrian Democratic Forces and lost many fighters.[28]

In 2020 the group, along with other Iran-backed Militias suffered heavy casualties fighting against Türkiye in the Northwestern Syria offensive (December 2019 – March 2020) in Idlib governorate as part of Türkiye's Operation Spring Shield.[s]

It has been reported that more than 1,000 Iran-backed fighters from Zainebiyoun, Fatemiyoun, Hezbollah, and from other Iran-backed Shia groups had been killed from 2011 to 2016.[126][127] This estimate rose to roughly 2,400 in 2018.[128][better source needed]

During the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives, it was reported that 25 pro-Assad/Iran-backed militiamen were killed during the clashes with at least 15 of them being non-Syrian militiamen. These fighters were likely the last members of Hezbollah, Zanabiyoun, and Fatemiyoun, to have died in Syria before their withdrawal.[129]

The families of fallen fighters are granted residency in Iran along with free pilgrimage to Shia Holy Shrines (Ziyarat), at the expense of the Iranian government.[93] However, there are sometimes issues in this process.[130]

Presence outside Syria

[edit]

Iraq

[edit]
Main article: War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The brigade fought in Iraq against ISIL during the War in Iraq (2013–17) with other foreign Shia fighters to defend and protect holy sites and Iraqi peoples from the ISIL.[15] After the fall of the Assad regime, Hundreds of fighters from the Iran-Backed Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun were warehoused inside complexes in the Al-Qa'im Bases and Camp Ashraf (also known as the Martyr Abu Munthadher al-Muhammadawi Camp) in Iraq's Diyala province by groups affiliated with the Popular Mobilization Forces and Islamic Resistance in Iraq.[18][16]

Yemen

[edit]
Main article: Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)

In 2019, Some media sources claim that the brigade is allegedly involved in Yemeni Civil War along with other foreign Shia fighters to fought against the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to support Houthis.[19][20][21]

Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Sectarian violence in Pakistan
Flag of the Islamic Resistance of Pakistan mainly inspired from the flag of Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

In Pakistan, former members of the Zainebiyoun brigade have been actively involved in Parachinar's sectarian clashes along with local Shia Turi and Bangash tribes based in the city of Parachinar for the Protection of Shia Muslim community and to fight against the Anti-Shia banned sectarian terrorist groups such as Sipah-e-Sahaba, the Pakistani Taliban, the Islamic State – Khorasan Province and Lashkar-e-Jhangvi which had been targeting the Shia community of Parachinar in sectarian attacks. A major conflict was fought in 2007. The Sectarian violence in Pakistan has been become a serious issue from then onwards.[131][132][2]

The Zainebiyoun brigade reportedly recruited many fighters from Parachinar, and has strong support base in Parachinar's Shia muslim community especially among the Turi Tribe from Kurram Agency as well as the Shia community in Karachi and Lahore.[133]

From 2020 to 2025, several former/retired members of the Zainebiyoun brigade, who had been linked to participating in sectarian violence and street crime in Karachi, were arrested on such charges by the CTD.[134][135][136][137] Such cases used to be linked to or pinpointed on Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan.[138][139]

The Zainebiyoun brigade's former Kashmiri fighters, have been reported to be active in Kashmir insurgency, fighting against Indian security forces (such as the Indian Army, Border Security Force, Central Armed Police Forces, Central Reserve Police Force, Indian National Security Guard, Rashtriya Rifles, Indian Jammu and Kashmir Police, etc) either as part of Hizbul Mujahideen, Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, Lashkar-e-Taiba, or as part of different groups.[19][140][141]

Reaction in Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Sectarian violence in Pakistan

Reaction

[edit]

In December 2015, a bomb killed 25 and injured over 30 in Parachinar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Terrorist group Lashkar-e-Jhangvi claimed responsibility, and said that it was "revenge for the crimes against Syrian Muslims by Iran and Bashar al-Assad" and threatened to continue terror attacks if Parachinar citizens did not "stop sending people to take part in Syrian war".[75]

The government of Pakistan officially had denied the presence of Pakistani fighters in Syria, and has been reluctant to take back members of the brigade caught in Syria.[111]

Around 2013 or 14 Following the reports of presence of Pakistani fighters of Zainebiyoun brigade in Syria, the Pakistani Taliban claimed that they have set up camps and sent hundreds of fighters to Syria to fight alongside Islamist jihadist groups opposed to Bashar al-Assad such as al-Nusra Front, Ahrar al-Sham and Ansar al-Tawhid in an effort to strengthen ties with al Qaeda against the government of Pakistan in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Insurgency.[72][73][74]

In the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives and the fall of the Assad regime, many propaganda videos and pictures circulated online from Syria of a suspected Pakistani or Afghan Jihadist fighter speaking Pashto congratulating the Syrian rebels in person and saying things such as “jihad against the Rafidhis” and “I will kill every Shia I find”. They also referred to Bashar al-Assad's regime as “Rafidhi” and “apostate". It is believed that these individuals are Afghans and Pakistanis who are part of the TTP and had been fighting against Bashar Al-Assad's regime and Iran-backed militias in Syria from as far back as 2013.[142]

Pakistani authorities describe it as a major security threat for the country due to returning of Pakistani Taliban and Liwa Zainebiyoun brigade militiamen, who have fought in Syrian civil war. Since 2013, the Pakistani Government had dispatched its intelligence chiefs to Tehran, Kabul, Istanbul and Damascus to work out a way forward on security concerns united in a bloc against terror threats and further challenges in an efforts for peace, stability and progress in the region, in order to suppress a new expected wave of Sectarian violence in Pakistan and Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa as return of Pakistani and Afghan militiamen from Syria following the fall of the Assad regime.[143]

Disappearance and death of the brigade commander

[edit]
Main article: Saqib Haider Karbalai

The brigade's former commander Saqib Haider Karbalai, also known by the Arabic-language nickname Haj Haider in Syria he was a Pakistani religious Shia muslim from Parachinar who had been a senior member and militant of Tehreek-e-Jafaria Pakistan and Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan, the Shia Islamist religio-political organizations in Pakistan. He was well known for his Anti-America and Anti-Zionist views and speeches in his hometown. He had strong ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran and was a strong supporter of Wilayat al Faqih concept including Khomeinism.[32] The IRGC-affiliated source's claimed that the Haj Haider went Iran, Iraq and Syria multiple times for Ziyarat of Shia holy sites in 2000s where he meet many IRGC officers and had established close ties with them at the beginning of the Syrian civil war the IRGC appointed him and Shia Afghan militant Ali Reza Tavassoli as an Chief Commanders of the Zainebiyoun Brigade and the Fatemiyoun Brigade respectively, mainly appointed by Qasem Soleimani, the erstwhile Iranian commander of the Quds Force, as commanders of Shia volunteer fighters from Pakistan and Afghanistan respectively with training and funding from Iran to defend the Shia holy shrines from ISIL and its subgroups. They both served as the commanders of their respective brigades, until their deaths.[1]

In 2017, Saqib Haider Karbalai went missing while fighting alongside Syrian government forces during the Hama offensive (March–April 2017). The IRGC-affiliated Tasnim News Agency reported his death in 2019, claiming that the body of Haider was transferred to Tehran two years after he was killed in the Syrian city of Hama by ISIS terrorists. According to Tasnim News Agency, the identity of the commander of the Zainabiyoun Brigade was identified after a DNA test, and he was transferred to Tehran where he was to be buried. The news agency also reported that "his body has no head and no arms" and that he was killed in action in April 2017 in the Tal Turabi area in the Hama Governorate, during the offensive.[1]

Relationship with Liwa Fatemiyoun & Hezbollah Afghanistan

[edit]
Main article: Axis of Resistance
Further information: Hezbollah Afghanistan

According to researcher Phillip Smyth, Liwa Fatemiyoun, Liwa Zainebiyoun and Hezbollah Afghanistan were originally different groups, but showed such great overlap in ideology and membership by 2014 that they had become "incorporated". In contrast, researcher Oved Lobel continued to regard Liwa Fatemiyoun and Hezbollah Afghanistan as separate organizations in 2018, though groups were part of Iran's "regional proxy network".[33] Other sources such as Jihad Intel and Arab News have treated the militas as the same organization.[144] Researcher Michael Robillard called Liwa Fatemiyoun a "branch of Hezbollah Afghanistan". Iran is also known to have established branches of Hezbollah in Afghanistan and Pakistan, with several pro-Iranian groups operating in both countries by the Soviet–Afghan War.[31][32]: 175 

Role in Iran–Israel proxy war

[edit]
Main article: Axis of Resistance
Further information: Iran-Israel proxy war

The both Zainebiyoun and Fatmiyoun Brigades supported by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are important parts of the Iranian construct which uses such proxy groups as a core strategy for deterrence across the region through its main proxy Hezbollah and its subgroups/allies that is Kata'ib Hezbollah, Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada, Hezbollah Al-Nujaba, Ansarullah popularly known as the (Houthis) and even now Hamas have been a part of Iran's strategy of deterrence from engaging in a conventional full-scale conflict with Israel and its Arab allies despite the limited employment of both the Zainebiyoun and Fatmiyoun brigades composed of Pakistani and Afghan nationals have successfully demonstrated Iran's capability to mobilize Shia ecosystems not only in the Middle East but on its other borders as well event of a war between Hezbollah-Israel and Hamas-Israel these resistance force's of Pakistan and Afghanistan formerly based in Syria are expected to carry out direct attacks on Israel under shadows either as part of Hezbollah or Islamic Resistance in Iraq or the Houthis, Iran's military strategy in Lebanon and Iraq is based on the concept of liberation of State of Palestine and elimination of Zionist, State of Israel including forward defense. It entails engaging adversaries beyond its own territory to prevent threats from reaching its border. A key pillar of this strategy is a network of Iran's IRGC-linked armed groups across the region known as the Axis of Resistance. This includes Hezbollah in Lebanon various Shitte Militias in Iraq, Yemen and Iran sponsored militias in Syria as well as the Palestinian resistance forces specifically Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad and their subgroups in the Palestinian territories.[145] Reportedly, Iran supports 20 or more groups/organizations directly or indirectly all over world, strategically planned and revived[clarification needed] by the former IRGC officer Qasem Solemani a "genius of asymmetric warfare".[146][147] Former Mossad director Yossi Cohen said Soleimani's strategies had "personally tightened a noose around Israel's neck".[148]

Designation as a terrorist organization and ban

[edit]
Further information: List of designated terrorist groups § Organizations designated as terrorist

Liwa Zainebiyoun is designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S. State Department in 2019. In 2024, the Interior Ministry of Pakistan banned the Zainebiyoun Brigade.[34][70]

Unsuccessful raid against retired brigade commander

[edit]

On 14 August 2025, Police carried out a unsuccessful surprise raid on the house of the former chief commander of the Zainabiyoun brigade, Abid Hussain Turi also known as Tehran Turi, in Parachinar in order to arrest him for his suspected involvement in Kurram district's sectarian violence between Shia Sunni tribes and militias. During the raid, unknown gunmen opened fire on police from a hidden position outside the house killing the additional station house officer (SHO) Qaiser Hussain, of the Wozha Police Station on the spot, and leaving his colleagues injured whiling also causing significant damage to the police vehicles. Due to gunfire and attempted arrest, protests and unrest erupted in the surrounding area of Tehran Turi's house against the police for attempting to arrest the him. Due to the intense situation, the government authorities immediately ordered the police to withdraw from the area in order to avoid further violence. On the same day, at least five police personnel were killed and several others injured in multiple attacks at various different locations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[149]

Videos of Zainabiyoun

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ [6][9][10][11][12][13][14]
  2. ^ [15][16][17][18]
  3. ^ [19][20][21]
  4. ^ [25][26][27][19]
  5. ^ [31][32][33]
  6. ^ [45][46][47]
  7. ^ [49][50][51][52][53][54]
  8. ^ [55][56][57]
  9. ^ [58][59][60]
  10. ^ [19][20][21]
  11. ^ [40][15][16][17][18]
  12. ^ [16][17][18]
  13. ^ [64][65][66][18]
  14. ^ [35][34][70][8]
  15. ^ [35][34][70][8]
  16. ^ Urdu: زینبیون بریگیڈ, romanized: Zainabiyoun Brigade or Persian: تیپ زینبیون, romanized: Tyip Zainebiyoun)
  17. ^ Persian: لشکر زينبیون, romanized: Lashkar-e-Zeinabiyoun, Urdu: لشکر زینبیون, romanized: Lashkar-e-Zaynabiyoun, Arabic: فرقة الزَّيْنَبِيُون, romanized: Fir'qat az-Zaynabīyūn)
  18. ^ Persian: لشکر زينبیون, romanized: Lashkar-e-Zeinabiyoun, Urdu: زینبیون ڈویژن, romanized: Zaynabiyoun Dvision, Arabic: فرقة الزَّيْنَبِيُون, romanized: Fir'qat az-Zaynabīyūn)
  19. ^ [120][121][122][123][124][better source needed][125]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c "turi fighting taliban kurram - Google Search". www.google.co.nz.
  3. ^ "Tehran Toori طہران طوری". YouTube. Retrieved 11 August 2025.
  4. ^ "Google Search - Irshad Hussain 'Qalandar'". www.google.com. Retrieved 31 July 2025.
  5. ^ a b c "Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria". The Express Tribune. 11 December 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Liwa Zainebiyoun: Syria's Pakistani Fighters". iraqeye. 11 March 2016.
  7. ^ Zaidi, Manzar. "The Iran-Backed Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia". Paradigm Shift. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
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  9. ^ a b c d e f "Meet the Zainebiyoun Brigade: An Iranian Backed Pakistani Shia Militia Fighting in Syria". Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e Farhan Zahid (27 May 2016). "The Zainabiyoun Brigade: A Pakistani Shiite Militia Amid the Syrian Conflict". Terrorism Monitor Volume.
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  12. ^ "Iran recruits Pakistani Shias for combat in Syria". The Express Tribune. 11 December 2015.
  13. ^ a b "Increasing Number Of Afghans, Pakistanis Killed In Syria Buried In Iran". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 April 2015.
  14. ^ "State Department Report 1: Iran's Support for Terrorism". The Iran Primer. 28 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
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  16. ^ a b c d e "Iran-backed Pakistani, Afghan militants move to Iraq after Syria withdrawal". The New Arab. Retrieved 14 February 2025.
  17. ^ a b c d "The Fatemiyoun/Zainabiyoun Influx: Iraq's Intensified Hosting of Two U.S.-Designated Terrorist Groups | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Hundreds of Iran-Backed Fatemiyoun and Zainabiyoun Terrorists Warehoused at Iraqi Government Bases". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 29 January 2025.
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  22. ^ a b "The Zainabiyoun Brigade". پایگاه خبری تحلیلی فردا | Farda News. Farda News. 3 March 2016.
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  24. ^ Alex Vatanka, Influence of iranian revolution in Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy Islamist Influence, I.B.Tauris (1989), pp. 148 & 155
  25. ^ Julius, Anthony (1 May 2015). Trials of the Diaspora: A History of Anti-Semitism in England. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-929705-4 – via Google Books.
  26. ^ Michael, Robert; Rosen, Philip (1 May 2015). Dictionary of Antisemitism from the Earliest Times to the Present. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810858688 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ a b "Foreign Shiite combat fatalities in Syria and nationality since January 19, 2012." Ali Alfoneh. Twitter. 4 March 2019.
  28. ^ a b c d e Christoph Reuter. American Fury: The Truth About the Russian Deaths in Syria: Hundreds of Russian soldiers are alleged to have died in U.S. airstrikes at the beginning of February. Reporting by DER SPIEGEL shows that events were likely very different. Der Spiegel, 2 March 2018.
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  31. ^ a b Ari Heistein; James West (20 November 2015). "Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries". National Interest. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  32. ^ a b c d Robillard, Michael (2021). "Syria". In Paul Burke; Doaa' Elnakhala; Seumas Miller (eds.). Global Jihadist Terrorism: Terrorist Groups, Zones of Armed Conflict and National Counter-Terrorism Strategies. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 167–187. ISBN 978-1-80037-129-3.
  33. ^ a b c d e Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE" (PDF), International Crisis Group, 2 August 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016
  34. ^ a b c d e "Pakistan bans Iran-backed Shiite group fighting in Syria". Voice of America. 11 April 2024.
  35. ^ a b c d Rehman, Zia Ur. "Pakistan's Shia mercenaries return from Syria, posing a security threat". Pakistan's Shia mercenaries return from Syria, posing a security threat. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  36. ^ al-Omran, By Faris. "Afghan, Pakistani mercenaries abandon IRGC-backed militias in Syria". Diyaruna. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
  37. ^ "Iran-Backed Zainabiyoun Militia Stirs Violence in Pakistan: What's the Story?". www.alestiklal.net. Retrieved 23 July 2025.
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