Maria Antonia of Austria
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Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella |
Maria Antonia Josepha Benedicta Rosalia Petronella of Austria[1] (18 January 1669 – 24 December 1692) was an Electress of Bavaria as the wife of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria. She was the eldest daughter and only surviving child of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Margaret Theresa of Spain. She was the heiress to the Spanish throne after her maternal uncle Charles II of Spain from 1673 until her death.
Life
Early life
Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria was born on 18 January 1669 in Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire. She was the second child of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1640–1705) and his wife Margaret Theresa of Spain (1651–1673).[2][3] Her only older sibling had already died by the time she was born.[4] She had 2 younger siblings, both of whom died in infancy,[2] and twelve half-siblings, eight of whom lived into adulthood.[5]
Maria Antonia had the highest coefficient of inbreeding in the House of Habsburg, 0.3053:[6] her father was her mother's maternal uncle and paternal first cousin once removed, and her maternal grandparents were also uncle and niece. Her coefficient was higher than that of a child born to a parent and offspring, or brother and sister.[6]
Since her childhood, Maria Antonia was an intelligent and cultivated girl, sharing her parents' passion for music.[citation needed]
The last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, never fathered any children, due to his severe deformities and illnesses. According to the laws of succession in Spain, Maria Antonia would have had the right to inherit the crown had she lived long enough, because she was the only surviving child of Empress Margaret Theresa, Charles II's sister. During her childhood, it was decided that she would marry her maternal uncle, Charles II,[7] but this plan came to nothing due to political circumstances.[8][9]
As an alternative, she became a candidate for marriage to Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, but nothing came of these plans either.
Electress
Maria Antonia finally married Maximilian II, the Elector of Bavaria,[10][11] on 15 July 1685 in Vienna. The marriage between an heiress of the Spanish throne, in Maria Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain's view, gave the Bavarian Wittelsbachs the closer place in succession to the Crown than the Austrian Habsburg. Mariana's dynastic loyalty was to her daughter Margaret Theresa of Spain's descentdants, which were her granddaughter Maria Antonia and her family.[12][13] This put her at odds with her younger brother Leopold I, who wanted his son to be the heir instead of Maria Antonia, his daughter.[14] In an attempt to strengthen the claim of his son, Emperor Leopold I had his daughter to waive her inheritance rights shortly after her marriage.[15][16][17] In exchange, he promised to have his son-in-law appointed as governor of the Spanish Netherlands.[18]
The marriage was very unhappy,[15] as the extroverted Maximilian and the introverted and serious Maria Antonia had little in common. Maria Antonia was reportedly offended by Maximilian's constant infidelity. When he was appointed governor of the Spanish Netherlands and left for Brussels in the company of his mistress Countess Canozza, Maria Antonia left for her father in Vienna to give birth, and it was widely assumed that she did not intend to return to Maximilian. She died of postpartum infections after childbirth.
As the niece of Charles II of Spain, Maria Antonia was of great relevance in connection with the succession to the Spanish throne,[19] which was a major political issue in late 17th-century Europe. One of her sons, Joseph Ferdinand, was of central importance to European politics at the end of the seventeenth century as a claimant to the throne of Spain.[10][12] Maria Antonia was the last of the Habsburg line in that country and Joseph Ferdinand's death before that of Charles II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, helped to trigger the War of the Spanish Succession.[20] If he had survived Charles, the European powers might have permitted him to accede to the throne of Spain under the terms of the Treaty of The Hague (1698).[21][22]
Issue
- Leopold Ferdinand of Bavaria (22 May 1689) died at birth.
- Anton of Bavaria (19 November 1690) died at birth.
- Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (28 October 1692 – 6 February 1699), died in childhood.[23]
- Engraving c. 1690
- Maria Antonia and her son Joseph Ferdinand, by Bildnis Der Maria c. 1697
Ancestors
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Notes:
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References
- ^ Berger, Theodor (1739), Die Durchläuchtige Welt, Oder: Kurtzgefaßte Genealogische, Historische und Politische Beschreibung ..., Korn, p. 6
- ^ a b Spielman 1977, p. 57.
- ^ Frey & Frey 1983, p. 14.
- ^ Wheatcroft 1996, p. 200.
- ^ Spielman 1977, p. 221.
- ^ a b Ceballos, F C; Álvarez, G (August 2013). "Royal dynasties as human inbreeding laboratories: the Habsburgs". Heredity. 111 (2): 114–121. doi:10.1038/hdy.2013.25. ISSN 0018-067X. PMC 3716267. PMID 23572123.
- ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 374.
- ^ Langdon-Davies 1963, pp. 89–91.
- ^ Mitchell 2013, pp. 274–275.
- ^ a b Langdon-Davies 1963, p. 88.
- ^ Spielman 1977, p. 125.
- ^ a b Mitchell 2013, p. 411.
- ^ Langdon-Davies 1963, p. 145.
- ^ Mitchell 2019, p. 229.
- ^ a b Spielman 1977, p. 171.
- ^ Gaxotte, Pierre (1970). The Age of Louis XIV. Translated by Michael Shaw. New York: Macmillian Company. pp. 288–289. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ Frey & Frey 1983, p. 13.
- ^ Spielman 1977, p. 170.
- ^ Mitchell 2013, p. 422.
- ^ Wheatcroft 1996, p. 204.
- ^ Bluche, François (1990). Louis XIV. Translated by Greengrass, Mark. New York City: Franklin Watts. p. 516. ISBN 978-0-531-15112-9. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ Kamen, Henry (1969). The War of Succession in Spain, 1700-15. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 3. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ^ Frey & Frey 1983, pp. 6–7.
Bibliography
- Friedrich Weissensteiner: Liebeshimmel und Ehehöllen - Heyne Taschenbuchverlag 1999 - ISBN 3-453-17853-X
- Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha (1983). A Question of Empire: Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession, 1701–1705. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6, 13, 14. ISBN 0-88033-038-4.
- Langdon-Davies, John (1963). Carlos: The King Who Would Not Die. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Mitchell, Silvia Z. (2013). Mariana of Austria and Imperial Spain: Court, Dynastic, and International Politics in Seventeenth-Century Europe (Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis). Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- Mitchell, Silvia Z. (2019-05-30). Queen, Mother, and Stateswoman: Mariana of Austria and the Government of Spain. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-08412-1.
- Spielman, John Philip (1977). Leopold I. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Wheatcroft, Andrew (1996). The Habsburgs: Embodying Empire. London: Penguin Books. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- v
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- Eleanor, Queen of Portugal and France*
- Isabella, Queen of Denmark and Norway*
- Maria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia*
- Catherine, Queen of Portugal*
- Isabella Clara Eugenia, Co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands**
- Catalina Micaela, Duchess of Savoy**
- Anna, Queen of Spain
- Elisabeth, Queen of France
- Margaret (1567–1633)
- Maria (1584–1649)
- Anna, Holy Roman Empress
- Anna, Queen of Poland
- Maria Christina, Princess of Transylvania
- Catherine Renata
- Gregoria Maximiliana
- Eleanor (1582–1620)
- Margaret, Queen of Spain
- Constance, Queen of Poland
- Maria Maddalena, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
- Anna, Queen of France**
- María**
- Maria Anna, Holy Roman Empress**
- Margarita**
- Maria Anna, Electress of Bavaria
- Cecilia Renata, Queen of Poland
- Isabella Clara, Duchess of Mantua
- Maria Leopoldine, Holy Roman Empress
- Maria Antonia, Electress of Bavaria
- Maria Elisabeth
- Maria Anna, Queen of Portugal
- Maria Theresa
- Maria Josepha
- Maria Magdalena
- Maria Josepha, Queen of Poland
- Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress
- Maria Theresa
- Princess Maria Anna of Lorraine
- Maria Elisabeth^
- Maria Anna^
- Maria Carolina^
- Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen^
- Maria Elisabeth^
- Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma^
- Johanna^
- Maria Josepha^
- Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples^
- Maria Antonia, Queen of France^
- Maria Theresa
- Maria Theresia, Queen of Saxony^
- Maria Anna^
- Maria Clementina, Duchess of Calabria^
- Maria Amalia^
- Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia#
- Maria Leopoldine, Electress of Bavaria#
- Maria Ludovika, Empress of Austria#
- Marie Louise, Empress of the French
- Maria Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil
- Clementina, Princess of Salerno
- Marie Caroline, Crown Princess of Saxony
- Maria Anna
- Maria Luisa^
- Maria Theresa, Queen of Sardinia^
- Maria Theresa, Queen of the Two Sicilies
- Maria Caroline
- Hermine
- Elisabeth Franziska
- Marie Henriette, Queen of the Belgians
- Adelaide, Queen of Sardinia
- Maria Theresa, Countess of Chambord#
- Maria Beatrix, Countess of Montizón#
- Sophie
- Princess Gisela of Bavaria
- Marie Valerie
- Margarete Sophie, Duchess of Württemberg
- Maria Annunciata
- Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
- Maria Antonietta^
- Luise, Crown Princess of Saxony^
- Maria Theresa^
- Princess Karoline Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha^
- Princess Maria Christina of Salm-Salm
- Princess Maria Anna of Bourbon Parma
- Maria Henrietta, Princess of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst
- Princess Isabella of Bavaria
- Eleonora
- Renata, Princess Radziwill
- Mechthildis, Princess Czartoryski
- Elisabeth Marie, Princess of Windisch-Graetz
- Helena, Duchess of Württemberg^
- Rosa, Duchess of Württemberg^
- Dolores^
- Maria Inmaculata^
- Margarita, Marchioness Taliani di Marchio^
- Princess Maria Antonia^
- Assunta^
- Elisabeth, Countess of Waldburg-Zeil^
- Hedwig, Countess of Stolberg-Stolberg^
- Margaret, Princess of Monteleone
- Ilona, Duchess of Mecklenburg
- Adelheid
- Charlotte, Duchess of Mecklenburg
- Princess Elisabeth of Liechtenstein
- * also an infanta of Spain
- ** also an infanta of Spain and Portugal
- ^ also a princess of Tuscany
- # also a princess of Modena