Molar ionization energies of the elements
Table of molar ionization energies for the chemical elements
These tables list values of molar ionization energies, measured in kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove electrons from gaseous atoms or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see Ionization energies of the elements (data page). All data from rutherfordium onwards is predicted.
1st-10th Ionization Energies
Number | Symbol | Name | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | H | hydrogen | 1312.0 | |||||||||
2 | He | helium | 2372.3 | 5250.5 | ||||||||
3 | Li | lithium | 520.2 | 7298.1 | 11,815.0 | |||||||
4 | Be | beryllium | 899.5 | 1757.1 | 14,848.7 | 21,006.6 | ||||||
5 | B | boron | 800.6 | 2427.1 | 3659.7 | 25,025.8 | 32,826.7 | |||||
6 | C | carbon | 1086.5 | 2352.6 | 4620.5 | 6222.7 | 37,831 | 47,277.0 | ||||
7 | N | nitrogen | 1402.3 | 2856 | 4578.1 | 7475.0 | 9444.9 | 53,266.6 | 64,360 | |||
8 | O | oxygen | 1313.9 | 3388.3 | 5300.5 | 7469.2 | 10,989.5 | 13,326.5 | 71,330 | 84,078.0 | ||
9 | F | fluorine | 1681.0 | 3374.2 | 6050.4 | 8407.7 | 11,022.7 | 15,164.1 | 17,868 | 92,038.1 | 106,434.3 | |
10 | Ne | neon | 2080.7 | 3952.3 | 6122 | 9371 | 12,177 | 15,238.90 | 19,999.0 | 23,069.5 | 115,379.5 | 131,432 |
11 | Na | sodium | 495.8 | 4562 | 6910.3 | 9543 | 13,354 | 16,613 | 20,117 | 25,496 | 28,932 | 141,362 |
12 | Mg | magnesium | 737.7 | 1450.7 | 7732.7 | 10,542.5 | 13,630 | 18,020 | 21,711 | 25,661 | 31,653 | 35,458 |
13 | Al | aluminium | 577.5 | 1816.7 | 2744.8 | 11,577 | 14,842 | 18,379 | 23,326 | 27,465 | 31,853 | 38,473 |
14 | Si | silicon | 786.5 | 1577.1 | 3231.6 | 4355.5 | 16,091 | 19,805 | 23,780 | 29,287 | 33,878 | 38,726 |
15 | P | phosphorus | 1011.8 | 1907 | 2914.1 | 4963.6 | 6273.9 | 21,267 | 25,431 | 29,872 | 35,905 | 40,950 |
16 | S | sulfur | 999.6 | 2252 | 3357 | 4556 | 7004.3 | 8495.8 | 27,107 | 31,719 | 36,621 | 43,177 |
17 | Cl | chlorine | 1251.2 | 2298 | 3822 | 5158.6 | 6542 | 9362 | 11,018 | 33,604 | 38,600 | 43,961 |
18 | Ar | argon | 1520.6 | 2665.8 | 3931 | 5771 | 7238 | 8781 | 11,995 | 13,842 | 40,760 | 46,186 |
19 | K | potassium | 418.8 | 3052 | 4420 | 5877 | 7975 | 9590 | 11,343 | 14,944 | 16,963.7 | 48,610 |
20 | Ca | calcium | 589.8 | 1145.4 | 4912.4 | 6491 | 8153 | 10,496 | 12,270 | 14,206 | 18,191 | 20,385 |
21 | Sc | scandium | 633.1 | 1235.0 | 2388.6 | 7090.6 | 8843 | 10,679 | 13,310 | 15,250 | 17,370 | 21,726 |
22 | Ti | titanium | 658.8 | 1309.8 | 2652.5 | 4174.6 | 9581 | 11,533 | 13,590 | 16,440 | 18,530 | 20,833 |
23 | V | vanadium | 650.9 | 1414 | 2830 | 4507 | 6298.7 | 12,363 | 14,530 | 16,730 | 19,860 | 22,240 |
24 | Cr | chromium | 652.9 | 1590.6 | 2987 | 4743 | 6702 | 8744.9 | 15,455 | 17,820 | 20,190 | 23,580 |
25 | Mn | manganese | 717.3 | 1509.0 | 3248 | 4940 | 6990 | 9220 | 11,500 | 18,770 | 21,400 | 23,960 |
26 | Fe | iron | 762.5 | 1561.9 | 2957 | 5290 | 7240 | 9560 | 12,060 | 14,580 | 22,540 | 25,290 |
27 | Co | cobalt | 760.4 | 1648 | 3232 | 4950 | 7670 | 9840 | 12,440 | 15,230 | 17,959 | 26,570 |
28 | Ni | nickel | 737.1 | 1753.0 | 3395 | 5300 | 7339 | 10,400 | 12,800 | 15,600 | 18,600 | 21,670 |
29 | Cu | copper | 745.5 | 1957.9 | 3555 | 5536 | 7700 | 9900 | 13,400 | 16,000 | 19,200 | 22,400 |
30 | Zn | zinc | 906.4 | 1733.3 | 3833 | 5731 | 7970 | 10,400 | 12,900 | 16,800 | 19,600 | 23,000 |
31 | Ga | gallium | 578.8 | 1979.3 | 2963 | 6180 | ||||||
32 | Ge | germanium | 762 | 1537.5 | 3302.1 | 4411 | 9020 | |||||
33 | As | arsenic | 947.0 | 1798 | 2735 | 4837 | 6043 | 12,310 | ||||
34 | Se | selenium | 941.0 | 2045 | 2973.7 | 4144 | 6590 | 7880 | 14,990 | |||
35 | Br | bromine | 1139.9 | 2103 | 3470 | 4560 | 5760 | 8550 | 9940 | 18,600 | ||
36 | Kr | krypton | 1350.8 | 2350.4 | 3565 | 5070 | 6240 | 7570 | 10,710 | 12,138 | 22,274 | 25,880 |
37 | Rb | rubidium | 403.0 | 2633 | 3860 | 5080 | 6850 | 8140 | 9570 | 13,120 | 14,500 | 26,740 |
38 | Sr | strontium | 549.5 | 1064.2 | 4138 | 5500 | 6910 | 8760 | 10,230 | 11,800 | 15,600 | 17,100 |
39 | Y | yttrium | 600 | 1180 | 1980 | 5847 | 7430 | 8970 | 11,190 | 12,450 | 14,110 | 18,400 |
40 | Zr | zirconium | 640.1 | 1270 | 2218 | 3313 | 7752 | 9500 | ||||
41 | Nb | niobium | 652.1 | 1380 | 2416 | 3700 | 4877 | 9847 | 12,100 | |||
42 | Mo | molybdenum | 684.3 | 1560 | 2618 | 4480 | 5257 | 6640.8 | 12,125 | 13,860 | 15,835 | 17,980 |
43 | Tc | technetium | 686.9[1] | 1470 | 2850 | |||||||
44 | Ru | ruthenium | 710.2 | 1620 | 2747 | |||||||
45 | Rh | rhodium | 719.7 | 1740 | 2997 | |||||||
46 | Pd | palladium | 804.4 | 1870 | 3177 | |||||||
47 | Ag | silver | 731.0 | 2070 | 3361 | |||||||
48 | Cd | cadmium | 867.8 | 1631.4 | 3616 | |||||||
49 | In | indium | 558.3 | 1820.7 | 2704 | 5210 | ||||||
50 | Sn | tin | 708.6 | 1411.8 | 2943.0 | 3930.3 | 7456 | |||||
51 | Sb | antimony | 834 | 1594.9 | 2440 | 4260 | 5400 | 10,400 | ||||
52 | Te | tellurium | 869.3 | 1790 | 2698 | 3610 | 5668 | 6820 | 13,200 | |||
53 | I | iodine | 1008.4 | 1845.9 | 3180 | |||||||
54 | Xe | xenon | 1170.4 | 2046.4 | 3099.4 | |||||||
55 | Cs | caesium | 375.7 | 2234.3 | 3400 | |||||||
56 | Ba | barium | 502.9 | 965.2 | 3600 | |||||||
57 | La | lanthanum | 538.1 | 1067 | 1850.3 | 4819 | 5940 | |||||
58 | Ce | cerium | 534.4 | 1050 | 1949 | 3547 | 6325 | 7490 | ||||
59 | Pr | praseodymium | 527 | 1020 | 2086 | 3761 | 5551 | |||||
60 | Nd | neodymium | 533.1 | 1040 | 2130 | 3900 | ||||||
61 | Pm | promethium | 540 | 1050 | 2150 | 3970 | ||||||
62 | Sm | samarium | 544.5 | 1070 | 2260 | 3990 | ||||||
63 | Eu | europium | 547.1 | 1085 | 2404 | 4120 | ||||||
64 | Gd | gadolinium | 593.4 | 1170 | 1990 | 4250 | ||||||
65 | Tb | terbium | 565.8 | 1110 | 2114 | 3839 | ||||||
66 | Dy | dysprosium | 573.0 | 1130 | 2200 | 3990 | ||||||
67 | Ho | holmium | 581.0 | 1140 | 2204 | 4100 | ||||||
68 | Er | erbium | 589.3 | 1150 | 2194 | 4120 | ||||||
69 | Tm | thulium | 596.7 | 1160 | 2285 | 4120 | ||||||
70 | Yb | ytterbium | 603.4 | 1174.8 | 2417 | 4203 | ||||||
71 | Lu | lutetium | 523.5 | 1340 | 2022.3 | 4370 | 6445 | |||||
72 | Hf | hafnium | 658.5 | 1440 | 2250 | 3216 | ||||||
73 | Ta | tantalum | 761 | 1500 | ||||||||
74 | W | tungsten | 770 | 1700 | ||||||||
75 | Re | rhenium | 760 | 1260 | 2510 | 3640 | ||||||
76 | Os | osmium | 840 | 1600 | ||||||||
77 | Ir | iridium | 880 | 1600 | ||||||||
78 | Pt | platinum | 870 | 1791 | ||||||||
79 | Au | gold | 890.1 | 1980 | ||||||||
80 | Hg | mercury | 1007.1 | 1810 | 3300 | |||||||
81 | Tl | thallium | 589.4 | 1971 | 2878 | |||||||
82 | Pb | lead | 715.6 | 1450.5 | 3081.5 | 4083 | 6640 | |||||
83 | Bi | bismuth | 703 | 1610 | 2466 | 4370 | 5400 | 8520 | ||||
84 | Po | polonium | 812.1 | |||||||||
85 | At | astatine | 899.003 | |||||||||
86 | Rn | radon | 1037 | |||||||||
87 | Fr | francium | 393 | |||||||||
88 | Ra | radium | 509.3 | 979.0 | ||||||||
89 | Ac | actinium | 499 | 1170 | 1900 | 4700 | ||||||
90 | Th | thorium | 587 | 1110 | 1978 | 2780 | ||||||
91 | Pa | protactinium | 568 | 1128 | 1814 | 2991 | ||||||
92 | U | uranium | 597.6 | 1420 | 1900 | 3145 | ||||||
93 | Np | neptunium | 604.5 | 1128 | 1997 | 3242 | ||||||
94 | Pu | plutonium | 584.7 | 1128 | 2084 | 3338 | ||||||
95 | Am | americium | 578 | 1158 | 2132 | 3493 | ||||||
96 | Cm | curium | 581 | 1196 | 2026 | 3550 | ||||||
97 | Bk | berkelium | 601 | 1186 | 2152 | 3434 | ||||||
98 | Cf | californium | 608 | 1206 | 2267 | 3599 | ||||||
99 | Es | einsteinium | 619 | 1216 | 2334 | 3734 | ||||||
100 | Fm | fermium | 629 | 1225 | 2363 | 3792 | ||||||
101 | Md | mendelevium | 636 | 1235 | 2470 | 3840 | ||||||
102 | No | nobelium | 639 | 1254 | 2643 | 3956 | ||||||
103 | Lr | lawrencium | 479 | 1428 | 2228 | 4910 | ||||||
104 | Rf | rutherfordium | 580 | 1390 | 2300 | 3080 | ||||||
105 | Db | dubnium | 665 | 1547 | 2378 | 3299 | 4305 | |||||
106 | Sg | seaborgium | 757 | 1733 | 2484 | 3416 | 4562 | 5716 | ||||
107 | Bh | bohrium | 740 | 1690 | 2570 | 3600 | 4730 | 5990 | 7230 | |||
108 | Hs | hassium | 730 | 1760 | 2830 | 3640 | 4940 | 6180 | 7540 | 8860 | ||
109 | Mt | meitnerium | 800 | 1820 | 2900 | 3900 | 4900 | |||||
110 | Ds | darmstadtium | 960 | 1890 | 3030 | 4000 | 5100 | |||||
111 | Rg | roentgenium | 1020 | 2070 | 3080 | 4100 | 5300 | |||||
112 | Cn | copernicium | 1155 | 2170 | 3160 | 4200 | 5500 | |||||
113 | Nh | nihonium | 707.2 | 2309 | 3226 | 4382 | 5638 | |||||
114 | Fl | flerovium | 832.2 | 1600 | 3370 | 4400 | 5850 | |||||
115 | Mc | moscovium | 538.3 | 1760 | 2650 | 4680 | 5720 | |||||
116 | Lv | livermorium | 663.9 | 1330 | 2850 | 3810 | 6080 | |||||
117 | Ts | tennessine | 736.9 | 1435.4 | 2161.9 | 4012.9 | 5076.4 | |||||
118 | Og | oganesson | 860.1 | 1560 | ||||||||
119 | Uue | ununennium | 463.1 | 1700 | ||||||||
120 | Ubn | unbinilium | 563.3 | 895– 919 | ||||||||
121 | Ubu | unbiunium | 429.4 | 1110 | 1710 | 4270 | ||||||
122 | Ubb | unbibium | 545 | 1090 | 1848 | 2520 |
11th–20th ionisation energies
number | symbol | name | 11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11 | Na | sodium | 159,076 | |||||||||
12 | Mg | magnesium | 169,988 | 189,368 | ||||||||
13 | Al | aluminium | 42,647 | 201,266 | 222,316 | |||||||
14 | Si | silicon | 45,962 | 50,502 | 235,196 | 257,923 | ||||||
15 | P | phosphorus | 46,261 | 54,110 | 59,024 | 271,791 | 296,195 | |||||
16 | S | sulfur | 48,710 | 54,460 | 62,930 | 68,216 | 311,048 | 337,138 | ||||
17 | Cl | chlorine | 51,068 | 57,119 | 63,363 | 72,341 | 78,095 | 352,994 | 380,760 | |||
18 | Ar | argon | 52,002 | 59,653 | 66,199 | 72,918 | 82,473 | 88,576 | 397,605 | 427,066 | ||
19 | K | potassium | 54,490 | 60,730 | 68,950 | 75,900 | 83,080 | 93,400 | 99,710 | 444,880 | 476,063 | |
20 | Ca | calcium | 57,110 | 63,410 | 70,110 | 78,890 | 86,310 | 94,000 | 104,900 | 111,711 | 494,850 | 527,762 |
21 | Sc | scandium | 24,102 | 66,320 | 73,010 | 80,160 | 89,490 | 97,400 | 105,600 | 117,000 | 124,270 | 547,530 |
22 | Ti | titanium | 25,575 | 28,125 | 76,015 | 83,280 | 90,880 | 100,700 | 109,100 | 117,800 | 129,900 | 137,530 |
23 | V | vanadium | 24,670 | 29,730 | 32,446 | 86,450 | 94,170 | 102,300 | 112,700 | 121,600 | 130,700 | 143,400 |
24 | Cr | chromium | 26,130 | 28,750 | 34,230 | 37,066 | 97,510 | 105,800 | 114,300 | 125,300 | 134,700 | 144,300 |
25 | Mn | manganese | 27,590 | 30,330 | 33,150 | 38,880 | 41,987 | 109,480 | 118,100 | 127,100 | 138,600 | 148,500 |
26 | Fe | iron | 28,000 | 31,920 | 34,830 | 37,840 | 44,100 | 47,206 | 122,200 | 131,000 | 140,500 | 152,600 |
27 | Co | cobalt | 29,400 | 32,400 | 36,600 | 39,700 | 42,800 | 49,396 | 52,737 | 134,810 | 145,170 | 154,700 |
28 | Ni | nickel | 30,970 | 34,000 | 37,100 | 41,500 | 44,800 | 48,100 | 55,101 | 58,570 | 148,700 | 159,000 |
29 | Cu | copper | 25,600 | 35,600 | 38,700 | 42,000 | 46,700 | 50,200 | 53,700 | 61,100 | 64,702 | 163,700 |
30 | Zn | zinc | 26,400 | 29,990 | 40,490 | 43,800 | 47,300 | 52,300 | 55,900 | 59,700 | 67,300 | 71,200 |
36 | Kr | krypton | 29,700 | 33,800 | 37,700 | 43,100 | 47,500 | 52,200 | 57,100 | 61,800 | 75,800 | 80,400 |
38 | Sr | strontium | 31,270 | |||||||||
39 | Y | yttrium | 19,900 | 36,090 | ||||||||
42 | Mo | molybdenum | 20,190 | 22,219 | 26,930 | 29,196 | 52,490 | 55,000 | 61,400 | 67,700 | 74,000 | 80,400 |
21st–30th ionisation energies
number | symbol | name | 21st | 22nd | 23rd | 24th | 25th | 26th | 27th | 28th | 29th | 30th |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
21 | Sc | scandium | 582,163 | |||||||||
22 | Ti | titanium | 602,930 | 639,294 | ||||||||
23 | V | vanadium | 151,440 | 661,050 | 699,144 | |||||||
24 | Cr | chromium | 157,700 | 166,090 | 721,870 | 761,733 | ||||||
25 | Mn | manganese | 158,600 | 172,500 | 181,380 | 785,450 | 827,067 | |||||
26 | Fe | iron | 163,000 | 173,600 | 188,100 | 195,200 | 851,800 | 895,161 | ||||
27 | Co | cobalt | 167,400 | 178,100 | 189,300 | 204,500 | 214,100 | 920,870 | 966,023 | |||
28 | Ni | nickel | 169,400 | 182,700 | 194,000 | 205,600 | 221,400 | 231,490 | 992,718 | 1,039,668 | ||
29 | Cu | copper | 174,100 | 184,900 | 198,800 | 210,500 | 222,700 | 239,100 | 249,660 | 1,067,358 | 1,116,105 | |
30 | Zn | zinc | 179,100 | |||||||||
36 | Kr | krypton | 85,300 | 90,400 | 96,300 | 101,400 | 111,100 | 116,290 | 282,500 | 296,200 | 311,400 | 326,200 |
42 | Mo | molybdenum | 87,000 | 93,400 | 98,420 | 104,400 | 121,900 | 127,700 | 133,800 | 139,800 | 148,100 | 154,500 |
References
- Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
- Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1. (for predictions)
- Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
- Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013. (for predictions)
- ^ Mattolat, C.; Gottwald, T.; Raeder, S.; Rothe, S.; Schwellnus, F.; Wendt, K.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Trautmann, N. (24 May 2010). "Determination of the first ionization potential of technetium". Physical Review A. 81: 052513. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.052513.
- v
- t
- e
Chemical elements data
- List of chemical elements—atomic mass, atomic number, symbol, name
- Periodic table
- Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System
- data page
- Atomic radius empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius
- data page
- Boiling point
- data page
- Critical point
- data page
- Density solid, liquid, gas
- data page
- Elastic properties of the elements: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, bulk modulus, shear modulus
- data page
- Electrical resistivity
- data page
- Electron affinity
- data page
- Electron configuration
- data page
- Electronegativity (Pauling, Allen scale)
- data page
- Hardness: Mohs hardness, Vickers hardness, Brinell hardness
- data page
- Heat capacity
- data page
- Heat of fusion
- data page
- Heat of vaporization
- data page
- Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol)
- data page
- Melting point
- data page
- Molar ionization energy
- Oxidation state
- Speed of sound
- data page
- Standard atomic weight
- Thermal conductivity
- data page
- Thermal expansion
- data page
- Vapor pressure
- data page