Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi

Abu Abdullah Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi (Arabic: محمد العربي الدرقاوي; 1760–1823) was a Moroccan Sufi leader of the Shadhili tariqa and the author of letters concerning the dhikr he preached and instructions for daily life. He stressed noninvolvement in worldly affairs (Dunya) and spoke against other Sufi orders exploiting claims of barakah (blessings).^[1] He was imprisoned by the Moroccan ruler Mulay Slimane (r. 1792–1822) for supporting revolts against the throne, but was released by Abderrahmane (r. 1822–1859).

A branch of the Shadhili order, the Darqawa, was organized around his teachings after his death, with members coming from a wide range of social groups. Though the Darqawa was once the most important tariqah in Morocco, its power waned as it spread throughout North Africa.^[2] His tomb is in the Zawiya Bou Brih also in the Rif.

His Letters

Almost all of the letters concern the method based on the central techniques of invocation or dhikr, not usually discussed openly by Sufi masters.^[3] The letters were compiled by al-`Arabi al-Darqawi himself, copied by his disciples and printed many times in Fez, in lithographed script. Titus Burckhardt has made this translation on the basis of two nineteenth-century manuscripts as well as the lithographed edition.

See also

• Ahmad ibn Ajiba
• Muhammad Abul-Huda al-Yaqoubi

References

• Al 'Arbi Al Darqawi, Majmu'at Rasa'il (Letters from Al Darqawi to his disciples), Casablanca, 1999
• The Darqawi Way (The Letters of Al-Arabi al-Darqawi translated by Aisha Bewley), Diwan Press, Norwich UK, 1980, ISBN 0-906512-06-9
• Letters of a Sufi Master, The Shaykh ad-Darqawi, Shaykh al-'Arabi ad-Darqawi, Translated by Titus Burckhardt, Preface by Martin Lings, Fons Vitae (1998) ISBN 1-887752-16-1

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Sufism

Sufi orders

• Malamatiyya (Hamdun al-Qassar)
• Junaydiyya (Al-Junayd)

Four Sufi poles	Qadiriyya ('Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani) Rifa'iyya (Ahmad al-Rifa'i) Badawiyya (Ahmad al-Badawi) Desuqiyya (Ibrahim al-Desuqi)

• Naqshbandiyya (Baha' al-Din Naqshband)
• Chishtiyya (Mu'in al-Din Chishti)
• Shadhiliyya (Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili)
• Darqawiyya (Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Darqawi)
• Suhrawardiyya (Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi)
• Akbariyya (Ibn 'Arabi)
• Khalwatiyya ('Umar al-Khalwati)
• Rahmaniyya (Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari)
• Bayramiyya (Bayram Wali)
• Ba 'Alawiyya (Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi)
• Tijaniyya (Ahmad al-Tijani)
• Idrisiyya (Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi)

Practices

• Dhikr
• Haḍra
• Zuhd
• Ziyarat
• Mawlid
• Muraqabah
• Taqwa
• Tazkiyah
• Tawassul
• Tabarruk
• Tawakkul

Ideas

• Ihsan
• Wajd
• Kashf
• Karamat
• Nūr
• Dhawq
• Ishq
• Murid
• Salik
• Sufi studies
• Sufi poetry
• Sufi philosophy

Sufi literature

• Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya
• Hilyat al-Awliya'
• Kashf al-Mahjub
• The Alchemy of Happiness
• The Revival of the Religious Sciences
• Al-Burda
• Dala'il al-Khayrat
• Fadha'il al-'Amal

Notable Sufis

2nd AH/8th AD	Al-Hasan al-Basri (d. 110 AH) Malik ibn Dinar (d. 128 AH) Ibrahim ibn Adham (d. 160 AH) Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 161 AH) Dawud al-Ta'i (d. 165 AH) 'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid (d. 177 AH) Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya (d. 180 AH) Ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181 AH) Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad (d. 188 AH) Shaqiq al-Balkhi (d. 194 AH) Ma'ruf al-Karkhi (d. 200 AH)
3rd AH/9th AD	Al-Darani (d. 205 or 215 AH) Bishr al-Hafi (d. 227 AH) Al-Harith al-Muhasibi (d. 243 AH) Dhul-Nun al-Misri (d. 245 AH) Sari al-Saqati (d. 253 AH) Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi (d. 258 AH) Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz (d. 277 or 286 AH) Sahl al-Tustari (d. 283 AH) Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi (d. 295 or 320 AH) Abu al-Husain al-Nuri (d. 295 AH)
4th AH/10th AD	Ruwaym (d. 303 AH) Abu Bakr al-Shibli (d. 334 AH) Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 386 AH) Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 380 AH)
Sufi leaders	Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (d. 589 AH) Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri (d. 630 AH) Yusuf Abu al-Haggag (d. 642 AH) Muhammad al-Fateh (d. 886 AH) Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH) Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1277 AH) Bahadur Shah Zafar (d. 1278 AH) Imam Shamil (d. 1287 AH) Emir Abdel-Kader (d. 1300 AH) Muhammad Ahmad (d. 1302/1885) Omar al-Mukhtar (d. 1350 AH) 'Izz al-Din al-Qassam (d. 1354 AH)

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