Naval Base Manila

14°28′54″N 120°54′58″E / 14.48167°N 120.91611°E / 14.48167; 120.91611TypeUS Naval baseSite informationOwner United States Navy 1898–1970ConditionClosed (now Philippine Naval Base)Site historyBuiltlate 16th centuryBuilt bystarted by Spanish East IndiesIn useSpanish shipyard: late 16th century – early 19th century
Spanish naval station: early 19th century – 1898
U.S. Naval facility: 1898–1971
Philippine Naval facility: 1971–presentBattles/warsBattle of Manila Bay (1898)
Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
Battle of Manila (1945)EventsCavite Mutiny of 1872Garrison informationOccupantsUnited States Asiatic Fleet (1902–1907, 1910–1942)
United States Seventh Fleet (1945–1970)
Major bases:
Naval Station Sangley Point
Naval Base Cavite
Mariveles Naval Section Base

Naval Base Manila, Naval Air Base Manila was a major United States Navy base south of the City of Manila, on Luzon Island in the Philippines. Some of the bases dates back to 1898, the end of the Spanish–American War. Starting in 1938 civilian contractors were used to build new facilities in Manila to prepare for World War II. Work stopped on December 23, 1941, when Manila was declared not defendable against the Empire of Japan southward advance, which took over the city on January 2, 1942, after the US declared it an open city. US Navy construction and repair started in March 1945 with the taking of Manila in the costly Battle of Manila ending on March 2, 1945. Naval Base Manila supported the Pacific War and remained a major US Naval Advance Base until its closure in 1971.^[1]

History

The first US Navy bases were Spain's bases taken after the 1898 Battle of Manila. At the end of the Spanish–American War, Spain ceded Manila to the United States.^[2][3][4] Merchants ship from Spain and China started trading on the Sangley Peninsula in 1571. Sangley was the name given to Chinese traders, a merchant guest, in the Philippines. The two main Naval bases taken: Naval Base Cavite at Cavite City and Naval Station Sangley Point both on the Cavite Peninsula in Manila Bay, eight miles southwest of the city of Manila. The Cavite Peninsula is south of the city center of Manila. On May 1, 1898, the US Navy took over the two Naval Bases after the Battle of Manila Bay. Naval Station Sangley Point was used as a coal station for refueling ships. At the Naval Base Cavite, a repair shipyard, that Spain had called Astillero de Rivera (Rivera Shipyard), the US Navy did updates, improvements and later added a submarine base. The old Spanish hospital, run by Sisters of Charity, was taken over by the US Navy. The old hospital was replaced by a new Naval hospital, Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation in the 1920s, this Hospital served the Navy and local population. Cañacao Naval Hospital was destroyed during the war. Starting in 1938 US and Philippines civilian contractors were used to build up the US bases at Manila. The new 1941 projects were building at Sangley Point a Seaplane base and an ammunition depot at Mariveles on the tip of Bataan Peninsula.^[1][5]

On December 23, 1941, it was declared that Manila was not defendable. Most civilian contractors depart Manila. US Troop were withdrawn to the Bataan Peninsula.^[6] Some Troops withdrawn to Corregidor Island in the bay, that surrendered May 6, 1942.^[7] Japanese forces took over and started using the two Manila bases in January 1942. US civilians that did not depart were detained by Japan at University of Santo Tomas-(Santo Tomas Internment Camp) and Bilibid Prisons. The University of Santo Tomas prisoner of war (POW) camp held 3,000. The two Bilibid Prisons were used as processing centers, over 13,000 POWs, mostly Americans, were held there before being put on hell ships and transferred to other POW camps.^[1][5] Some staff at the Naval Hospital did not evacuate, including some nurses, who became POWs with the Troops in the Battle of Bataan.^[8][9] The nurses became known as the Angels of Bataan for their care of the Troop till liberated in February 1945.^[10][11][12]

With the taking of Manila in 1945, in March 1945 the US Navy's Seabee, Naval Construction Battalions, began repairing the battle damage at the two bases. Soon improvement began, with new Troop arriving at Pacific War, a base for new Troops arriving was built at the Cavite naval base. With the fighting ships at war for years, a Cavite repair base and depot was built for the repair and maintenance of ships. United States Seventh Fleet headquarters moved into the 40-acre Manila Polo Club. At Sangley Point Seabees built a new 5,000-foot runway for Naval Air Transport Service airfield. The new airfield had 12,000 barrel tank farm, hangars, and a depot. Sangley Point seaplane base was repaired and improved, including adding a pontoon dock. The Cavite base was repaired and a new replacement Naval hospital was built. The Manila bases and the large Fleet anchorage in Manila Bay began to build up for the expected costly invasion of Japan, planned for November 1, 1945, called Operation Downfall. With the Surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945, the invasion was not needed. The new Naval Hospital was completed and expanded. Naval Base Manila continued as US Base till 1971, when it was turned over to the Philippines Navy.^[1][13][5]

Bases and facilities

• Naval Station Sangley Point 341-acres (1898–1941, 1945–1971) (Spain 1884–1898)
  • Naval Air Station Sangley Point (341-acres NAB Manila) 8,000-foot runway (1945–1971) now Danilo Atienza Air Base. The Navy operated Lockheed P-2 Neptune, Lockheed P-3 Orion, Martin P4M Mercator from 1945 to 1950.
  • Cañacao Peninsula Seaplane Base at Sangley Point (1941) (Patrol Wing 10) (Japan 1941–1945 Kanakao base), US Navy (1945–1971). Locate on the south tip of Sangley Point at 14°29′40″N 120°54′42″E / 14.494402°N 120.911648°E / 14.494402; 120.911648. The Navy operated patrol planes: P5M Marlin, HU-16 Albatross, and PBY Catalina at the base. The Seaplane Base closed in 1965 and is now part of Sangley Point National High School. Navy operated^[14]
  • Naval Fuel depot at Sangley Point (1938–1941, 1945–1971)
  • Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation, at Cañacao Bay (1925–1941) (Japan 1941–1945), destroyed during the war (also see Angels of Bataan) Was a 27-acre site at 14°29′28″N 120°54′19″E / 14.491034°N 120.905203°E / 14.491034; 120.905203. (replaced Spain's 1875 Hospital)^[15][11][16]
  • Radio station at Sangley Point, Three 600-foot steel antenna towers (1915–1945). North antenna was at 14°29′39″N 120°53′58″E / 14.494284°N 120.899401°E / 14.494284; 120.899401, the other two antenna towers were next to the Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation. Removed to build 8,000-foot runway.^[17]
  • Crash boat base
  • US Coast Guard Air Station Sangley Point, US Coast Guard run LORAN, long-range navigation (1946–1970)^[18]
  • United States Marine Corps Camp (1945–1970)
  • John Paul Jones School at Sangley Point opened for children of base staff (1945–1971)
  • Power plant
  • Sangley Point Ship Yard, two marine railways for ship repair, next to the seaplane base.
    • Varadero de Manila Shipyard, (1957–1970) the US Navy shipyard at Sangley Point was turned over for private use after the Korean war in 1957. Located between the seaplane base and the former Cañacao Naval Hospital Reservation at 14°29′36″N 120°54′32″E / 14.493265°N 120.908952°E / 14.493265; 120.908952. Now a boat dock.
• Naval Base Cavite (50-acre Cavite Navy Yard and Sub Base) (1898–1941, 1945–1971), now Naval Station Pascual Ledesma
  • Cavite Submarine base (1919-1960s)^[19][20]
  • Cavite Naval Fuel depot
  • Torpedo repair shop
  • PT boat Base (Squadron 3, 1940–1941) (1945–1946)^[21]
  • Ammunition depot
  • Cavite ship repair, ship repair and salvage, one boat marine railway (1925–1941, 1945–1971)
  • Power plant
  • Cavite Naval Hospital (1945–1971) at 14°28′59″N 120°54′52″E / 14.482996°N 120.914515°E / 14.482996; 120.914515
• Mariveles Naval Section Base opened July 22, 1941.^[22][23]
  • Ammunition depot at Mariveles on the tip of Bataan Peninsula
  • Mariveles Naval Port, the bay at Mariveles had an anti-submarine net to protect the ship there. (1941, 1945–1971) Net layers:USS Buckeye, USS Silverbell (AN-51)
  • Mariveles Seaplane base, at the Mariveles port a seaplane ramp and base was built at 14°25′51″N 120°29′07″E / 14.430802°N 120.485315°E / 14.430802; 120.485315.^[24]
  • Mariveles Quarantine Hospital, now Mariveles Mental Wellness and General Hospital
  • Supply depot – tank farm
  • Mariveles Airfield, one dirt 3,800-foot runway at Bataan 14°27′N 120°30′E / 14.45°N 120.50°E / 14.45; 120.50 complete on February 23, 1942. Used by US Army and Navy, with nearby Army Camp. Mariveles Airfield surrendered on April 10, 1942, and from there the Bataan Death March began. Airfield was retaken in February 1945.^[25]
  • Submarine Squadron 2
  • US Army camp
• Radar stations
• Mess halls and Barracks at all three bases
• Corregidor Island in Manila Bay (1941–1942), two Naval docks, lost in Battle of Corregidor, retaken in 1945.^[7]
  • Malinta Tunnel, built by the United States, from 1922 to 1932 as a bomb-proof storage depot and Troop bunker. Due to many wounded troops a 1,000-bed hospital was added. Built on Corregidor Island, at 14°23′16″N 120°35′26″E / 14.38791406°N 120.59064738°E / 14.38791406; 120.59064738.^[26]
  • Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, four US Army forts on islands at the entrance to Manila Bay. Naval mines blocked the entrance to the Port of Manila and Manila Bay for protection. On the north side of Corregidor Island, the two mines fields could be electrically be turned on and off by controls on Corregidor Island, so US ships could use the bay safely.
  • US Navy Cryptologist Admiral Ernest J. King and other Naval intelligence personnel were taken off Corregidor by submarines on April 8, 1942.^[27]
  • Key personnel were taken off the Corregidor in Operation Flight Gridiron by two Consolidated PBY Catalina from Naval Base Perth on April 29, 1942. The mission was one of the longer rescue missions ever.^[28][7][29]
• Manila Bay Naval Fleet anchorage (1898–1941, 1945–1971) (once obstacles cleared in 1945)^[30]
• Port of Manila for supply depot and shore leave. (1898–1941, 1945–1971)
• Naval supply depot in the City of Manila (1898–1941, 1945–1971)^[31]
• Sternberg General Hospital in Manila (US 1898–1941), destroyed during the war.
• Manila Army and Navy Club (1925–1941) (Japan 1941–1945)
• Bilibid Prison (1945–1946), used by the US to hold Japanese accused of war crimes, Tomoyuki Yamashita was held at the Prison till execution.^[32]
• Manila Hotel used both by US and Japan during the war.^[33]
• U.S. Naval Radio Facility Bagobantay (1945–1962)
• Fleets:
• United States Asiatic Fleet parts stationed at Manila (1902–1907, 1910–1942)
  • United States Asiatic Fleet's Station CAST intelligence and radio (1938–1942)
  • Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three (1941–1942)
  • Submarine tenders Ships:USS B-1, USS B-2 and USS B-3
• United States Seventh Fleet headquarters, in the former 40-acre Manila Polo Club (1945)
• Fleet Post Office FPO# 3142 SF Manila

Naval Base Manila repair base

Naval Base Manila was a major repair base, bases at the repair facilities:^[1][5]

Auxiliary Airfields

Manila auxiliary airfields:

• Bataan Airfield on the east side of Bataan Peninsula, built in 1941. Used by US Army and Navy, surrendered April 10, 1942, POWs part of Bataan Death March.
• Nichols Field built in 1919, used for maintenance of US Army and US Navy aircraft. Lost in war, used again in 1945 for Army and Naval Air Transport Service (NATS) till 1947. Now Villamor Air Base.^[34]
• Nielson Field, a private airport built in 1937, was taken over in 1941 for defense, but lost to Japan. Used by US (APO 75) in 1945 and returned to civil use in 1946, but closed in 1947, now part of Ayala Museum.^[14]
• North Avenue Airfield (Quezon Airfield), a small auxiliary airstrip, now part of North Avenue (1945), on the Diliman Estate in Quezon City at 14°39′13″N 121°2′17″E / 14.65361°N 121.03806°E / 14.65361; 121.03806.^[14]
• Balara Airfield was used as an auxiliary airfield at 14°42′32″N 121°05′00″E / 14.708774°N 121.083451°E / 14.708774; 121.083451 (1945), now houses.^[14]
• Zablan Auxiliary Airfield, built before war as an auxiliary airfield and an emergency runway at 14°36′36″N 121°04′44″E / 14.609875°N 121.078753°E / 14.609875; 121.078753, now Eastwood Mall. Closed after war.^[14]
• Mandaluyong East Airfield in Mandaluyong, built by Japan, US did not develop, now Wack Wack Golf and Country Club, with a Mitsubishi A6M Zero on the grounds.^[14]
• Pasig Airfield, built by Japan, US did not develop, used as an emergency runway at Pasig at 14°34′58″N 121°05′01″E / 14.582871°N 121.083569°E / 14.582871; 121.083569, now river front housing.^[14]
• Grace Park Airfield, (Manila North Airfield) built by Japan, US did not develop, used by US Army and as an emergency runway (1945) at 14°38′49″N 121°59′00″E / 14.646844°N 121.983250°E / 14.646844; 121.983250 now at Rizal Avenue, a city block in Caloocan.^[14]
• Dewey Boulevard Airfield built by Japan, US did not develop as it is a waterfront road, used shortly to remove planes, at Ermita, near US Embassy, that was used as part of the "Airfield" to park planes. Now Roxas Boulevard at 14°34′15″N 120°58′55″E / 14.570947°N 120.982011°E / 14.570947; 120.982011.^[14]
• Naval Base Manila helped liberate an inland civil runway, Marikina Airfield in the city of Marikina in 1945. The runway was converted into a sports field.^[14]

Seabee units

Seabee units working at Naval Base Manila: ^[1]

• 12th Naval Construction Regiment
• 77th Battalion
• 119th Battalion
• ACORN-45

Losses

• Ships and boats losses at Manila:^[7]
  • Scuttled by her crew so Japan could not use: USS Dewey (YFD-1), USS Canopus (AS-9), Yacht Maryann, Tug TT Vaga, USS Sara Thompson (AO-8), Yacht Perry, Fisheries II, SS Capillo, SS Bohol, SS Dos Hermanos, SS Magallanes, SS Montanes, USS Canopus, USS Luzon (PG-47), USS Oahu, USS Quail, USS Napa (AT-32), USS Mindanao (PR-8), USS Bittern (AM-36), USS Bittern (AM-36), USAMP Col. George F. E. Harrison, USS Genesee refloated by Japan, USS Sealion (SS-195), USS Grayling (SS-209), USS YMS-48, Mambukai and PT boats: PT-31, PT-32, PT-33, PT-35, PT-41, Q-112, Q-113 and Q-111.
  • Sank in action: USS Pigeon (ASR-6), USS YAG-4, USS Tanager (AM-5), Trabajador, USS Grayling (SS-209), USS Neptune, Tug Henry Keswick, SS Bisayas, SS Daylite, Henry Keswick, SS Anakan, USLHT Canlaon, USLHT Banahao, USS Pompey, SS Kaiping, S Mauban, SS Hai Kwang, SS Seistan, SS Palawan, SS Ethel Edwards, USS Si Kiang, SS Tantalus, SS Samal, SS Paz, USS Manatawny, LCS(L)(3)-7, LCS(L)(3)-26, LCS(L)(3)-49, SS Viscaya, SS Corregidor, USS Finch (AM-9) (refloated by Japan), Q-114, and PT-34.
  • Damaged: USS Fletcher (DD-445), Tug Ranger and USS Hopewell (DD-681) hit in 1945.

• Captured: Yacht BRP Banahaw

Gallery

• 
  US Naval Station Sangley Point in 1947, with Quonset hut, barracks, shops, supply depot, mess hall and more.
• 
  Seaplane Base at Sangley Point.
• 
  Cavite Navy Yard docks in 1899, year after it became a US Navy Shipyard
• 
  A O2U floatplane flies over the Cavite Navy Yard, in 1930, below seaplane tender USS Jason and Sangley Point
• 
  Bataan Peninsula on 24 January 1945, with Mariveles Seaplane base, port and Airfield. Japan is bombing the runway. Mariveles surrendered on April 10, 1942, the start of Bataan Death March. Mariveles was retaken in February 1945
• 
  USS Rigel (AR-11), a repair ship in Manila Bay
• 
  Cavite Navy Yard bombed by Japan on December 10, 1941. Smoke rises from Cavite Navy Yard.
• 
  Submarine USS Shark (SS-8) at the Cavite Navy Yard 1911
• 
  USS Kline (APD-120) anchored off Manila in July 1945
• 
  The wreck of the Spanish Navy cruiser Castilla after the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898.
• 
  Entrance to Naval Base Mariveles after the fall of Bataan.
• 
  Manila Army and Navy Club
• 
  Manila Army and Navy Club
• 
  Manila Army and Navy Club Reception Area
• 
  Manila Army and Navy Club in 1932
• 
  Manila Army and Navy Club Historical Marker
• 
  Manila American Cemetery and Memorial
• 
  Battle of Manila (1945) Historical Marker at Malacañang Palace
• 
  Manila Bay and Cavite in the bay
• 
  Naval Station Sangley Point in 1964
• 
  Manila Bay Battle in 1898
• 
  Map of Corregidor Island in 1941
• 
  USS Canopus (AS-9) submarine tender in 1932 with S-37; S-40; S-36; S-38; S-41; S-39 at Cavite
• 
  Fort San Felipe in Cavite in 1888 on Naval Base Cavite
• 
  Bataan Death March that started at US Navy port at Mariveles on Bataan Peninsula on April 10, 1942, with US Army, Navy, Marines, Naval Hospital staff and Filipino Troops.
• 
  Map Bataan Death March route 1942
• 
  Japanese War Crimes Trials in Manila
• 
  Bataan Death March Memorial Las Cruces, New Mexico
• 
  Zero Kilometer Death March Marker in Mariveles

See also

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Building the Navy's Bases, vol. 2 (part III, chapter 26)". US Navy, navy.mil.
2. ^ José Roca de Togores y Saravia; Remigio Garcia; National Historical Institute (Philippines) (2003), Blockade and siege of Manila, National Historical Institute, pp. 148–150, ISBN 978-971-538-167-3
3. ^ "Blockade and Siege of Manila". US Navy, navy.mil.
4. ^ "Battle of Manila Bay". US Navy navy.mil.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "Maps and Photos – expendable.us".
6. ^ "Decision To Withdraw to Bataan". history.army.mil.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "Bataan and Corregidor". US Navy, navy.mil.
8. ^ "Navy Nurse POW, Philippines". US Navy navy.mil.
9. ^ Oral Histories – U.S. Navy Nurse in the Pacific Theater during World War II Recollections of CAPT Ann Bernatitus, US Navy navy.mil
10. ^ Norman, Elizabeth (2013). We Band of Angels, p. 24-25.
11. ^ ^{a b} "Navy Nurses Behind Enemy Lines in the Philippines". US Navy navy.mil.
12. ^ Monahan, Evelyn M. & Neidel-Greenlee, Rosemary (2003). All This Hell, p. 31.
13. ^ "Manila Bay". US Navy navy.mil.
14. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Pacific Wrecks". pacificwrecks.com.
15. ^ "NH 44684 First Reserve Hospital, Manila, Philippine Islands". public2.nhhcaws.local.
16. ^ Norman, Elizabeth (2013). We Band of Angels, p. 24.
17. ^ "Pacific Wrecks – Cavite, Cavite Province, Luzon, Philippines". pacificwrecks.com.
18. ^ uscg.mil, Coast Guard Air Station Sangley Point
19. ^ US Navy Cavite Submarine base
20. ^ US Navy Cavite Submarine base
21. ^ Part I Into Action – Pearl Harbor and the Philippines
22. ^ NPS.gov Mariveles Naval Section Base
23. ^ pacificwrecks.com, Mariveles Naval Section Base
24. ^ pacificwrecks.com Mariveles Seaplane base
25. ^ pacificwrecks.com, Mariveles Airfield
26. ^ tracesofwar.com, Malinta Tunnel
27. ^ Naval Supplementary Radio Station Melbourne Australia stationhypo.com
28. ^ In the Hands of Fate: The Story of Patrol Wing Ten, Messimer, 1985, chapter 13
29. ^ PBY Catalinalanbob.com
30. ^ "Pacific Wrecks – Manila Bay (Manila Harbor) Luzon, Philippines". pacificwrecks.com.
31. ^ "Pacific Wrecks – Manila, National Capital Region, Luzon, Philippines". pacificwrecks.com.
32. ^ "Pacific Wrecks – NAS Sangley Point (Antonio Bautista, Danila Atienza) Cavite Province, Luzon, Philippines". pacificwrecks.com.
33. ^ "Pacific Wrecks". pacificwrecks.com.
34. ^ "Pacific Wrecks – Nichols Field (Manila Airport, Ninoy Aquino Airport) Luzon, Philippines". pacificwrecks.com.

LeadershipStructure

Operating forces	Fleet Forces Command Commander Pacific Fleet Commander Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa Naval Forces Central Command Naval Forces Southern Command Naval Special Warfare Command Naval Reserve Forces Operational Test and Evaluation Force Naval Network Warfare Command Military Sealift Command
Shore	Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Naval Supply Systems Command Naval Information Warfare Systems Command Fleet Cyber Command Naval Academy Naval Education and Training Command Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Office of Naval Intelligence Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center Naval Legal Service Command Naval Observatory Naval Safety Center Bureau of Naval Personnel Chief of Naval Personnel Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Navy Installations Command Navy Working Capital Fund
Fleets	Second Fleet Third Fleet Fourth Fleet Fifth Fleet Sixth Fleet Seventh Fleet Tenth Fleet
Ships	A–B C D–F G–H I–K L M N–O P Q–R S T–V W–Z Aircraft carriers Airships Amphibious warfare ships Auxiliaries Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Destroyer escorts Escort carriers Frigates Mine warfare vessels Monitors Patrol vessels Registered civilian vessels Sailing frigates Steam frigates Steam gunboats Ships of the line Sloops of war Submarines Torpedo boats Torpedo retrievers Unclassified miscellaneous vessels Yard and district craft

Personnel
and
training

People	Officers Insignia Designators Enlisted Rates Ratings Classification
Personnel	Chaplain Corps Chief Deputy Chief Explosive ordnance disposal Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps JAG Corps JAG DJAG NCIS Boatswain's mates Hospital corpsman Naval Aviator SEALs Seabees Master-at-arms Operations specialist SWCCs Hispanic sailors
Training	Recruit Officer Candidate School STA-21 NROTC Naval University System (Naval War College, Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Academy, Naval Community College, Marine Corps University) BESS BFTT CNATT COMPTUEX NAWCTSD AIM Naval Chaplaincy School Naval Hospital Corps School Naval Justice School United States Armed Forces School of Music Navy Senior Enlisted Academy Navy Supply Corps School Nuclear Power School JMTC TOPGUN USNTPS Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

EquipmentHistory and
traditions