Ningbo dialect

Ningbo dialect
Yong-Jiang
寧波閒話
Pronunciation	ɲìɲ.pɐ́u.ɛ́.ó~ɲìɲ.póʔ.ɛ́.ó
Native to	People's Republic of China
Region	Ningbo & Zhoushan, Zhejiang province
Ethnicity	Ningbo people (Han Chinese)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Wu Taihu Ningbo dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	ning1280
Linguasphere	79-AAA-dbf (also 79-AAA-dbg on Zhoushan archipelago)

The Ningbo dialect (Chinese: 宁波话/寧波話, 宁波闲话/寧波閒話) is a dialect of Wu Chinese, one subdivision of Chinese language. Ningbo dialect is spoken throughout Ningbo and Zhoushan prefectures, in Zhejiang province.

Intelligibility

Ningbo dialect native speakers generally understand Shanghainese, another dialect of Wu. However, Shanghainese speakers do not always have full understanding of the Ningbo dialect. It is not mutually intelligible with Mandarin Chinese, or any other subdivision of the Chinese languages. The Ningbo dialect is considered a Yongjiang dialect or Mingzhou dialect (as both terms are synonymous), and is closely related to the Taihu Wu dialects of Zhoushan. In terms of inter-intelligibility between dialects within the Yong-Jiang subgroup, they can be more accurately described as 'accents' (腔) as these dialects are relatively uniform and almost identical to each other aside from pronunciation differences and some minor lexical differences.

Phonology

Initials

Initial consonants^[1]

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Alveolo-Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	tenuis	p	t		k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate	tenuis		ts	tɕ
	aspirated		tsʰ	tɕʰ
	voiced		dz	dʑ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ɕ		h
	voiced	v	z	ʑ		ɦ
Lateral			l

Finals

Vowel nuclei

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
Close	/i/	/y, ʏ/		/u/
Close-mid	/e/	/ø/		/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/		/ə/	/ɔ/
Open			/a/
Diphthong	/ɐi, ɐu, œʏ/

Finals^[2]

Coda		Open			Nasal			Glottal stop
Medial		∅	j	w	∅	j	w	∅	j	w
Nucleus	i	i			iɲ			jeʔ
	y	y			yɲ			ɥøʔ
	ʏ	ʏ
	u	u
	e	e
	ø	ø
	o	o			oŋ	joŋ		oʔ	joʔ
	ɛ	ɛ		wɛ
	ə				ən		wən
	ɔ	ɔ	jɔ		ɔ̃	jɔ̃	wɔ̃
	a	a	ja	wa	ã	jã	wã	aʔ		waʔ
	ɐi	ɐi		wɐi
	ɐu	ɐu
	œʏ	œʏ

Syllabic continuants: [z̩] [z̩ʷ] [m̩] [n̩] [ŋ̩] [l̩]

Notes:

• The table contains two additional finals /yɲ, ɥøʔ/. These have merged with /joŋ, joʔ/ respectively in younger generations.
• /y, ʏ/ are similar in pronunciation, differing slightly in lip rounding ([y, iᵝ] respectively). The two are merged in younger generations.
• /j/ is pronounced [ɥ] before rounded vowels.

The Middle Chinese [-ŋ] rimes are retained, while [-n] and [-m] are either retained or have disappeared in the Ningbo dialect. Middle Chinese [-p -t -k] rimes have become glottal stops, [-ʔ].

Tones

Tones^[1]

	Middle Chinese tone
	píng 平	shǎng 上	qù 去	rù 入
yīn 阴	˥˧ (53)	˧˥ (35)	˦ (44)	ʔ˥ (55)
yáng 阳	˨˦ (24)	˨˩˧ (213)		ʔ˩˨ (12)

Examples

See also

• Wu Chinese
  • Shanghainese
  • Suzhounese
  • Hangzhounese
• List of varieties of Chinese

References

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura–Tandrange

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupingsProto-languages