Northern Wars

"Northern Wars" is a term used for a series of wars fought in northern and northeastern Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. An internationally agreed-on nomenclature for these wars has not yet been devised.[1] While the Great Northern War is generally considered to be the last of the Northern Wars, there are different scholarly opinions on which war constitutes the First Northern War.[2]

Conflicts of the Northern Wars

Depending upon what date is chosen for the starting point, the Northern Wars comprise:

  • The Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), "First Northern War" according to Arvo Viljanti[2]
  • The Livonian War (1558–1583), "First Northern War" according to Klaus Zernack[2]
  • The Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
  • The Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), also known as the "Thirteen Years' War"; "First Northern War" according to some Russian historians[2]
  • The Second Northern War (1655–1660), "First Northern War" according to traditional English, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, in Poland known as Swedish Deluge[2]
  • The Scanian War (1674–1679), also called "Swedish-Brandenburgian War" by German historians
  • The Great Northern War (1700–1721), also "Third Northern War"[2] or "Second Northern War"[3]

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Frost (2000), pp. 12–13
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Frost (2000), p. 13
  3. ^ "Second Northern War". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

Bibliography

  • Frost, Robert I (2000). The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558-1721. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.

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