Operation Wandering Soul

Propaganda campaign exercised by U.S. forces

Ghost Tape No. 10

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Operation Wandering Soul was a propaganda campaign and psychological warfare effort exercised by U.S. forces during the Vietnam War. It was an attempt to increase desertions and defections from Việt Cộng forces and weaken their morale.

Warfare campaign

Like most cultures, Vietnamese culture includes beliefs and rituals that show respect for the dead. Vietnamese culture calls for a proper burial and it is believed that if this does not occur, the soul of the deceased continues to wander the earth thus becoming a "Wandering Soul," a ghost or spirit.^[1]

It is the Vietnamese belief that the dead must be buried in their homeland, or their soul will wander aimlessly in pain and suffering. Vietnamese feel that if a person is improperly buried, then their soul wanders constantly. They can sometimes be contacted on the anniversary of their death and near where they died. Vietnamese honor these dead souls on a holiday when they return to the site where they died. The U.S. used this to their advantage and tried to trick the Viet-Congs into leaving by playing the audio recording of their dead friends wandering around.^[1]

Voice recordings

U.S. engineers spent weeks recording eerie sounds and altered voices, which acted in roles of slain Việt Cộng soldiers. The United States brought in South Vietnamese soldiers to record their voices over the tape for authenticity.

One tape, dubbed 'Ghost Tape Number Ten',^[2] included Buddhist funeral music and eery sounds.^[3] In addition there were voices of a girl saying "Come home, Daddy!" and voices of men telling them to "Go home" and be "reunited with your loved ones" so that they can avoid the same fate as he did.^[4]^[5]

The Americans played these tapes over loudspeakers from helicopters near Viet Cong positions.^[6]^[7] This occurred during the night to prevent the Viet Cong from resting.^[8]

My body is gone. I am dead, my family. Tragic, how tragic! My friends, I come back to let you know that I am dead. I am dead. I am in hell. … Friends, while you are still alive … go home! … Go home, my friends—before it is too late!^[9]

Results

The overall success of these ghost tapes was mixed, because in the event that the Việt Cộng soldiers knew it was just a recording, their immediate response would be to fire upon where the sound was coming from, though this in turn revealed their hidden positions within the jungle. The Army Concept Team which had been responsible for Wandering Soul admitted that the Viet Cong "realized what was going on" but still insisted that the operation had been a success, despite presenting no evidence for their claim.^[10] The United States ultimately stopped Ghost 10 in the early 1970s.^[11] A similar program was prepared for use in the Congo, with recordings being produced to simulate angry local gods, as a form of population control, to attempt to ensure that the local populations did not leave their villages, however it was never brought into use.^[12]

References

^ ^a ^b SGM Herbert A. Friedman (Ret.) (December 31, 2005). "The Wandering Soul". Patrol Craft Fast. Robert B. Shirley. Retrieved 2006-11-29.
^ Hoyt, Alia (May 16, 2017). "Ghost Tape No. 10: The Haunted Mixtape of the Vietnam War". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
^ Soffer, Sarah, Carter Matherly, and Robert Stelmack. "Psychology as a Warfighting Domain." Global Security & Intelligence Studies 5.1 (2020).
^ Taillard, Michael; Giscoppa, Holly (2013). Psychology and Modern Warfare Idea Management in Conflict and Competition. Palgrave Macmillan.
^ Manning, Martin J.; Wyatt, Clarence R. (2011). Encyclopedia of Media and Propaganda in Wartime America. ABC-CLIO. p. 611.
^ Cranny-Francis, Anne (2013). Technology and Touch The Biopolitics of Emerging Technologies. Palgrave Macmillan.
^ The Quiet Mutiny, by John Pilger
^ Young, Marilyn B.; Buzzanco, Robert (2008). A Companion to the Vietnam War. John WIley & Sons. p. 442.
^ Humphrey, Chris. "The Ghostly Legacies of America's War in Vietnam". Foreign Policy.
^ Kellen, Konrad (1980). "Review: War on the Mind" (PDF). JSTOR 45346185. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
^ "Operation Wandering Soul – Ghost Tape Number 10 and the Haunted Jungles of Vietnam". MilitaryHistoryNow.com. 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
^ Watson, Peter (1978). War on the Mind (1st ed.). London: Hutchinson. pp. 410–411. ISBN 0091314402.