PLA Unit 61398

People's Liberation Army Unit 61398
61398部队
Emblem of the People's Liberation Army
Active	2014-Present
Country	People's Republic of China
Allegiance	Chinese Communist Party
Branch	People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
Type	Cyber force, Cyber-espionage Unit
Role	Cyber warfare Electronic warfare
Part of	People's Liberation Army
Garrison/HQ	Tonggang Road, Pudong, Shanghai
Nickname(s)	APT 1 Comment Crew Comment Panda GIF89a Byzantine Candor Group 3 Threat Group 8223
Engagements	Operation GhostNet Operation Aurat Operation Shady RAT

PLA Unit 61398 (also known as APT1, Comment Crew, Comment Panda, GIF89a, or Byzantine Candor; Chinese: 61398部队, Pinyin: 61398 bùduì) is the Military Unit Cover Designator (MUCD)^[1] of a People's Liberation Army advanced persistent threat unit that has been alleged to be a source of Chinese computer hacking attacks.^[2][3][4] The unit is stationed in Pudong, Shanghai^[5], and has been cited by US intelligence agencies since 2002.

History

A report by the computer security firm Mandiant stated that PLA Unit 61398 is believed to operate under the 2nd Bureau of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department (GSD) Third Department (总参三部二局)^[1] and that there is evidence that it contains, or is itself, an entity Mandiant calls APT1, part of the advanced persistent threat that has attacked a broad range of corporations and government entities around the world since at least 2006. APT1 is described as comprising four large networks in Shanghai, two of which serve the Pudong New Area. It is one of more than 20 APT groups with origins in China.^[1][6] The Third and Fourth Department, responsible for electronic warfare, are believed to comprise the PLA units mainly responsible for infiltrating and manipulating computer networks.^[7]

2014 indictment

On 19 May 2014, the US Department of Justice announced that a Federal grand jury had returned an indictment of five 61398 officers on charges of theft of confidential business information and intellectual property from U.S. commercial firms and of planting malware on their computers.^[8][9] The five are Huang Zhenyu (黄振宇), Wen Xinyu (文新宇), Sun Kailiang (孙凯亮), Gu Chunhui (顾春晖), and Wang Dong (王东). Forensic evidence traces the base of operations to a 12-story building off Datong Road in a public, mixed-use area of Pudong in Shanghai.^[2] The group is also known by various other names including "Advanced Persistent Threat 1" ("APT1"), "the Comment group" and "Byzantine Candor", a codename given by US intelligence agencies since 2002.^{[10][11][12][13]}

The group often compromises internal software "comment" features on legitimate web pages to infiltrate target computers that access the sites, leading it to be known as "the Comment Crew" or "Comment Group".^[14][15] The collective has stolen trade secrets and other confidential information from numerous foreign businesses and organizations over the course of seven years such as Lockheed Martin, Telvent, and other companies in the shipping, aeronautics, arms, energy, manufacturing, engineering, electronics, financial, and software sectors.^[11]

Dell SecureWorks says it believed the group includes the same group of attackers behind Operation Shady RAT, an extensive computer espionage campaign uncovered in 2011 in which more than 70 organizations over a five-year period, including the United Nations, government agencies in the United States, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam, were targeted.^[2]

The attacks documented in the summer of 2011 represent a fragment of the Comment group's attacks, which go back at least to 2002, according to incident reports and investigators. In 2012, FireEye, Inc. stated that they had tracked hundreds of targets in the last three years and estimated the group had attacked more than 1,000 organizations.^[12]

Most activity between malware embedded in a compromised system and the malware's controllers takes place during business hours in Beijing's time zone, suggesting that the group is professionally hired, rather than private hackers inspired by patriotic passions.^[7]

A 2020 report in Daily News and Analysis stated that the unit was eyeing information related to defense and research in India.^[16]

Public position of the Chinese government

Until 2013, the Government of China has consistently denied that it is involved in hacking.^[17] In response to the Mandiant Corporation report about Unit 61398, Hong Lei, a spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry, said such allegations were "unprofessional".^[17][4]

See also

• Titan Rain
• Chinese espionage in the United States
• National Security Agency of the United States
• PLA Unit 61486
• Signals intelligence
• Tailored Access Operations of the United States
• Mandiant
• FireEye

References

31°20′57.43″N 121°34′24.74″E / 31.3492861°N 121.5735389°E / 31.3492861; 121.5735389