Padule di Fucecchio massacre
1944 war crime in Italy
43°48′N 10°48′E / 43.800°N 10.800°E / 43.800; 10.800
Attack type
- Eduard Crasemann
Pistor, Jauss, and Riss (2011)
Pistor, Jauss, and Riss: Life imprisonment (in absentia)
- Germany ordered to pay €14 million
The Padule di Fucecchio massacre (Italian: Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio) was the murder of at least 174 Italian civilians,[a][1] carried out by the 26th Panzer Division at Padule di Fucecchio [it], a large wetland north of Fucecchio, Tuscany,[2] on 23 August 1944. After the war, the commander of the 26th Panzer Division was sentenced for war crimes, but the men who carried out the massacre were not convicted until 2011 and none served any jail time. The massacre has been described as "one of the worst Nazi atrocities in Italy".[3]
Massacre
The massacre was carried out as a reprisal for the wounding of two German soldiers by Italian partisans. An Italian military court was later told that the Germans had rounded up 94 men, 63 women and 27 children and murdered them with machine gun fire.[4] According to the prosecutor, the murders were committed "in cold blood, looking the innocent in the eyes".[3] An Italian historian described the massacre as "not a reprisal but an operation of total desertification".[3]
Prosecution
Initial investigation
British military police Sergeant Charles Edmondson investigated the massacre in 1945. He took statements from survivors. This evidence was used decades later, after Edmondson's death in 1985, in the prosecution of some of the perpetrators.[3][4]
Edmondson established that the massacre was carried out by soldiers of the 26th Panzer Division. The division was commanded by Eduard Crasemann at the time, who was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment for war crimes by a British military court. He died in a West German prison in 1950.[5]
Trial
In 2011, a military court in Italy tried four of the suspected perpetrators and found three of them guilty while the fourth one died during the trial. Ernst Pistor (Captain), Fritz Jauss (Warrant officer), and Johan Robert Riss (Sergeant) were found guilty while Gerhard Deissmann died before the sentencing, aged 100. The three were unlikely to serve time in jail because Germany was not obliged to extradite them. None of the three showed any remorse for their action.[3][4] Some of the perpetrators of the massacre were also accused of participating in the murder of the family of Robert Einstein.[6][7]
Compensation
Marco De Paolis, the military prosecutor in the case, asked Germany to pay €14 million in compensation to 32 relatives of the victims but Germany denied liability, citing immunity agreements with Italy in 1947 and 1961.[3][4]
Commemoration
In 2015, the Italian Foreign Minister, Paolo Gentiloni, together with his German counterpart Frank-Walter Steinmeier, who would later serve as President of Germany, opened a Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre. The official press release by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation puts the number of victims in the massacre at 175.[8]
Notes
- ^ Estimates for the number of victims vary. News articles about the 2011 trial state 184, the Italian government stated 175 in 2015, while the commemorative site and the Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy state 174.
References
- ^ "Padule di Fucecchio, 23.08.1944". Atlas of Nazi and Fascist Massacres in Italy (in Italian). Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ^ "History and nature in the Fucecchio Wetlands". Italian Ways. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "Three ex-Nazis get life for WWII massacre". Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ a b c d Squires, Nick (26 May 2011). "Three former Nazi soldiers found guilty of Tuscan massacre". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ "The responsible". L'Eccidio del Padule di Fucecchio. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (21 February 2011). "Die ewige Suche nach dem Mörder der Einsteins" [The eternal search for the Einstein murderers]. Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ Dosch, Stefan (23 August 2017). "Einsteins Nichten: Die tragische Geschichte von zwei Schwestern" [Einstein's nieces; The tragic story of two sisters]. Augsburger Allgemeine (in German). Retrieved 3 July 2018.
- ^ "The Italian and German foreign ministers open the Documentation Centre on the Padule di Fucecchio Massacre". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation. 11 October 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
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See also: The Holocaust in Italy
