Pakatan Harapan

Malaysian political coalition

Anthony Loke Siew Fook
Mohamad Sabu
Ewon Benedick

Founded22 September 2015 (2015-09-22)Legalised16 May 2018 (2018-05-16)^[1]Preceded byPakatan RakyatHeadquarters

A-1-09 Merchant Square, Jalan Tropicana Selatan 1, 47410 Petaling Jaya (PH Secretariat and PKR)
Kuala Lumpur (DAP and AMANAH)
Penampang (UPKO)

Newspaper

The Rocket
RoketKini
Suara Keadilan
Media Harapan
Harapan Daily
Kenyalang Tribune
Borneo Update

Student wingPakatan Harapan Student MovementYouth wingPakatan Harapan Youth Movement^[2]^[3]Women's wingPakatan Harapan Youth Movement^[2]^[3]Ideology

Majority:
Social liberalism
Civic nationalism
Reformism
Multiracialism

Factions:

Social justice
Progressivism
Social democracy
Islamic democracy
Islamic modernism
Secularism
Left-wing nationalism
Regionalism
Anti-corruption

Political position Centre-leftColours

Politics of Malaysia
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Alliance of Hope

Traditional Chinese

希望聯盟

Simplified Chinese

希望联盟

Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping	Hei1 Mong6 Lyun4 Mang4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Hi-bāng Liân-bêng

The Alliance of Hope (Malay: Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been part of a "Unity Government" since November 2022 together with other political coalitions and parties as a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, and previously for 22 months after it had won the 2018 Malaysian general election until February 2020 when it lost power as a result of the 2020 Malaysian political crisis at the federal level. The coalition deposed the Barisan Nasional coalition government during the 2018 election, ending its 60-year-long reign (together with its predecessor, Alliance) since independence.

It is currently the largest coalition in the Dewan Rakyat with 81 seats. At the state level, it is the ruling coalition in 7 of the 13 states in the nation, Penang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Perak, Pahang, Melaka and Sabah. It rules Penang, Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka in coalition governments with Barisan Nasional (BN) and Sabah with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) and BN. It is also a confidence and supply in the Johor state government led by BN. PH alone holds two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Penang while PH and BN together hold two-thirds majorities in the state legislative assemblies of Negeri Sembilan and Melaka while PH, GRS and BN together hold two-thirds majority in the state legislative assembly of Sabah.^[4]

The coalition consists of the Democratic Action Party, People's Justice Party, National Trust Party, and United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation.

The coalition lost its majority in parliament and fell from power in February 2020 when its chairman and then-Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned after 22 months in office (compared to his 22 years as Prime Minister while with UMNO), and the Malaysian United Indigenous Party together with 11 members of parliament from the People's Justice Party left the coalition.^[5]^[6]^[7]

After the 2022 general election that resulted in a hung parliament, the Alliance of Hope returned to power with a two-thirds majority, led by Prime Minister and PH Chairman Anwar Ibrahim, by forming a coalition government with National Front (BN), Sarawak Parties' Alliance (GPS), Sabah People's Alliance (GRS), Heritage Party (WARISAN), Malaysian People's Party (PBM), Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM), and independents. Meanwhile Muhyiddin Yassin's Perikatan Nasional declined to join the coalition, and took the role of the opposition, with 74 seats.

History

Formation

Pakatan Harapan is a direct successor to the three-party Pakatan Rakyat coalition that consisted of the People's Justice Party, the Democratic Action Party and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party. Pakatan Harapan was founded on 22 September 2015, two years after the 2013 general election, due to disagreements and conflicts between PAS and DAP mainly regarding the issue of the implementation of the sharia law, resulting in PAS splitting off from Pakatan Rakyat and the break-up of the coalition on 16 June 2015.^[8]^[9] The dissolution resulted in the formation of a new coalition named Pakatan Harapan, consisting the former Pakatan Rakyat parties, PKR and DAP, and a PAS split-off party, the National Trust Party.^[10]^[11]

On 12 November 2016, a United Malays National Organisation split-off party, the Malaysian United Indigenous Party, founded and led by former Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, confirmed that the party was committed to joining the opposition bloc Pakatan Harapan.^[12]^[13] Later, on 13 December, the party formed an electoral pact with Pakatan Harapan,^[14] and finally on 14 March 2017, BERSATU officially joined Pakatan Harapan as a member party.^[15]

2018 general election

On 14 July 2017, the Presidential council line-up was confirmed. A common logo was also introduced with the word "Harapan" with the "A" shaped as a chevron in white on a red background. The logo was initially planned to be used by all participating candidates for the 2018 general election, but the use of the logo and registration of the coalition was denied by the Election Commission.^[16] To pursue the coalition's plan to contest under a common logo, Pakatan announced that the PKR logo will be used by all component parties of the coalition as its election symbol in the elections,^[17] excluding for DAP who chose to contest under their own party flag in Sabah and Sarawak.^[18]^[19]^[20]

The coalition secured an electoral pact with the Sabah-based Sabah Heritage Party for the 2018 general election. WARISAN's president, Shafie Apdal, promised that the party would be represented on the federal cabinet if the coalition came to power,^[21] adding that through the electoral pact they will only co-operate with Pakatan as an ally, and not joining the pact as a component party since they will only contest in Sabah, not in Peninsular Malaysia.^[22] In that election, Pakatan Harapan swept the election and formed the government in a surprise upset overturning the former ruling party UMNO's decades of uninterrupted rule, as the Malay vote was dissatisfied and mainly went to Amanah and popular former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad's party Bersatu, while the Chinese vote was solidly behind parties like DAP and PKR. Following the surprise victory of Pakatan Harapan and WARISAN in the general election, the United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation announced that they have left Barisan Nasional and will form a new Sabah state government with WARISAN and Pakatan Harapan.^[23] UPKO and WARISAN are currently both the allies for Pakatan Harapan since both parties are also allied towards each other's in Sabah.^[24]

At the state level, due to 2018 general election results the coalition formed the government in the states of Kedah, Penang, Perak, Selangor, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Johor and Sabah.^{[note 1]} Pakatan Harapan also forms a government with a two-thirds majority in the states of Penang, Selangor and Johor.

Post-election

On 16 May 2018, the coalition was officially registered.^[25] After winning the power in 2018, the coalition made some efforts in ensuring an independent trial for Najib's corruption charges, an independent anti-corruption commission, and repealing anti-fake news law. On the other hand, other issues such as decentralisation of powers to Sabah and Sarawak, educational reform, issues relating to indigenous people (orang asli), racial equality, and political patronage remained unchanged. Meanwhile, the Pakatan Harapan government was distracted by factional infighting.^[26]

On 24 February 2020, Mahathir resigned as the Prime Minister. BERSATU which had 26 MPs, withdrew from the ruling Pakatan Harapan coalition. In addition, 11 MPs from PKR resigned from the party to form an independent bloc. This left Pakatan Harapan with 37 seats short of the 112 seats needed to form a government. The surprise announcement came amid speculation that Mahathir was attempting to form a new ruling coalition that would exclude his designated successor Anwar Ibrahim.^[5]^[6]^[7] However, Anwar later clarified to reporters that Mahathir did not orchestrate the act. These events also resulted in the number of Pakatan Harapan coalition member parties returning to the original three.^[27]

At the state level, Pakatan Harapan lost control of Johor, Malacca, Perak and Kedah. A few PKR, DAP and AMANAH representatives in the state legislative assemblies quit their party and expressed support for the new Perikatan Nasional government in those four states.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] In the 2022 Malaysian general election,Pakatan Harapan won most Dewan Rakyat seats in Selangor,Johor,Penang,Perak,Melaka and Negeri Sembilan.In the states of Kelantan,Terengganu,Kedah and Perlis,most of the candidates are losing their 12.5% deposit and lose to Perikatan Nasional candidates with large margin. In the states legislative assemblies,Pakatan Harapan won 24 in Perak State Legislative Assembly,1 in Perlis State Legislative Assembly,and 8 in Pahang State Legislative Assembly.

Party-to-party relations

Pakatan Harapan at the coalition level doesn't have any allegiance with political internationals. However, some of its component parties do, as PKR was recognized as an observer party of Liberal International while DAP co-founded the Progressive Alliance. In the aftermath of 15th general election, Anwar Ibrahim received congratulatory messages from the Ennahda Party of Tunisia.^[32] The party previously was present at an event organised by AMANAH in 2015.

Member parties

Flag	Name			Ideology	Position	Leader(s)	Seats contested	2022 result		Current seats
Flag	Name			Ideology	Position	Leader(s)	Seats contested	Votes (%)	Seats	Composition
Member parties
		PKR	People's Justice Party Parti Keadilan Rakyat	Liberal democracy Social liberalism	Centre-left	Anwar Ibrahim	102	15.74%	31 / 222	31 / 81
		DAP	Democratic Action Party Parti Tindakan Demokratik	Social democracy Social liberalism	Centre-left	Anthony Loke Siew Fook	55	15.61%	40 / 222	40 / 81
		AMANAH	National Trust Party Parti Amanah Negara	Progressivism Islamic modernism	Centre-left	Mohamad Sabu	54	5.70%	8 / 222	8 / 81
		UPKO	United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation Pertubuhan Kinabalu Progresif Bersatu	Sabah regionalism	N/A	Ewon Benedick	5	0.47%	2 / 222	2 / 81

Former member party

Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), (2017–2020)

List of leaders

Chairmen

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Term of office		Time in office	Political party
1	Mahathir Mohamad (b. 1925)		14 July 2017	24 February 2020	2 years, 225 days	BERSATU
2	Anwar Ibrahim (b. 1947)		14 May 2020	Incumbent	3 years, 347 days	PKR

President

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Portrait	Term of office		Time in office	Political party
1	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (b. 1952)		14 July 2017	Incumbent	6 years, 286 days	PKR

Women Chiefs

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party
1	Zuraida Kamaruddin (b. 1958)	14 August 2017	24 February 2020	2 years, 194 days	PKR
2	Chong Eng (b. 1957)	18 March 2021	12 September 2021	178 days	DAP
3	Aiman Athirah Sabu (b. 1972)	12 September 2021	Incumbent	2 years, 226 days	AMANAH

Youth Chiefs

No.	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party
1	Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (b. 1982)	31 October 2017	13 December 2018	1 year, 43 days	PKR
2	Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman (b. 1992)	13 December 2018	24 February 2020	1 year, 73 days	BERSATU
3	Shazni Munir Mohd Ithnin (1987–2021)	4 March 2021	6 August 2021	155 days	AMANAH
4	Howard Lee Chuan How (b. 1983)	12 September 2021	29 July 2022	320 days	DAP
5	Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (b. 1986)	29 July 2022	Incumbent	1 year, 271 days	DAP

Leadership structure

Central Leadership Council

Chairman:
- Anwar Ibrahim (PKR)
President:
- Wan Azizah Wan Ismail (PKR)
Deputy President:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
- Mohamad Sabu (AMANAH)
- Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
Vice-President:
- Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- M. Kulasegaran (DAP)
- Christina Liew (PKR)
- Donald Peter Mojuntin (UPKO)
Chief Secretary:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
Treasurer:
- Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
Women Chief:
- Aiman Athirah Sabu (AMANAH)
Youth Chief:
- Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen (DAP)
Elections Director:
- Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
Communications Director:
- Fahmi Fadzil (PKR)
Strategic Director:
- Vacant
Information Chief:
- Teo Nie Ching (DAP)
Chief Whip:
- Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
State Chairman:
- Johor: Vacant
- Kedah: Mahfuz Omar (AMANAH)
- Kelantan: Muhammad Husin (AMANAH)
- Malacca: Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
- Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
- Pahang: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
- Perak: Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
- Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad (PKR)
- Penang: Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
- Sabah: Christina Liew (PKR)
- Sarawak: Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
- Selangor: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
- Terengganu: Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
- Federal Territory: Tan Kok Wai (DAP)
State Deputy Chairperson:
- Johor:
  - Aminolhuda Hassan (AMANAH)
  - Liew Chin Tong (DAP)
  - Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
- Kedah:
  - Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
  - Ismail Salleh (AMANAH)
  - Tan Kok Yew (DAP)
- Kelantan:
  - Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (PKR)
  - Azaha Abdul Rani (DAP)
- Malacca:
  - Tey Kok Kiew (DAP)
  - Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
- Negeri Sembilan:
  - Anthony Loke Siew Fook (DAP)
  - Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman (AMANAH)
- Pahang:
  - Leong Ngah Ngah (DAP)
  - Zulkifli Mohamed (AMANAH)
- Perak:
  - Nga Kor Ming (DAP)
  - Asmuni Awi (AMANAH)
  - Chang Lih Kang (PKR)
- Perlis:
  - Wan Kharizal Wan Khazi (AMANAH)
  - Teh Seng Chuan (DAP)
- Penang:
  - Nurul Izzah Anwar (PKR)
  - Roslan Ahmad (AMANAH)
- Sabah:
  - Poon Ming Fung (DAP)
  - Sangkar Rasam [ms] (PKR)
  - Ewon Benedick (UPKO)
  - Lahirul Latigu (AMANAH)
- Sarawak:
  - Ronald Engan (PKR)
  - Abang Abd Halil Abang Naili (AMANAH)
- Selangor:
  - Gobind Singh Deo (DAP)
  - Izham Hashim (AMANAH)
- Terengganu:
  - Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad (PKR)
  - Ng Chai Hing (DAP)
- Federal Territory:
  - Rafizi Ramli (PKR)
  - Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)

Youth Wing (Angkatan Muda Harapan)

Youth Chief:
- Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen
Deputy Youth Chiefs:
- Hasbie Muda
- Adam Adli
- Nurthaqaffah Nordin
- Felix Joseph Saang
Vice-Youth Chiefs:
- Nik Abdul Razak Nik Md Ridzuan
- Young Syefura Othman
- Muhammad Kamil Abdul Munim
- Kennedy John Angian
Youth Secretary:
- Musaddeq Khalid
Deputy Youth Secretary:
- Omar Mokhtar A Manap
Youth Treasurer:
- Lim Yi Wei
Deputy Youth Treasurer:
- Nur Najihah Muhaimin
Youth Communications Director:
- Muhammad Haziq Azfar Ishak
Youth Public Policies Directors:
- Ong Chun Wei
- Nadia Fathin Syahira Ahmad Nazri
- Ammar Atan
Youth Mobilization Directors:
- Umar Khair
- Abbas Azmi
- Jason Raj Kirupanantha
Youth Elections Directors:
- Asmaaliff Abdul Adam
- Prabakaran Parameswaran
- Keristinah Philip Selvaraju

Women's Wing (Wanita Pakatan Harapan)

Women's Chief:
- Raj Munni Sabu
Deputy Women's Chiefs:
- Chong Eng
- Fadhlina Sidek
- Juliana Janni
Vice-Women's Chiefs:
Women's Secretary:
- Teo Nie Ching
Deputy Women's Secretary:
- Norhayati Bidin
Women's Treasurer:
- June Leow
Women's Information Chief:
- Soraya Salim
Women's Communications Director:
- Yeo Bee Yin
Women's Elections Director:
- Rozita Abdul
Women's Training Director:
- Sangetha Jayakumar
Media and IT Bureau Chief:
- Loh Ker Chean
Public Policies Chief:
- Kasthuriraani Patto
Mobilization Chief:
- Anfaal Saari

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

His Majesty's appointee:
- Saifuddin Nasution Ismail (PKR)
- Fuziah Salleh (PKR)
- Saraswathy Kandasami (PKR)
- Roderick Wong Siew Lead (DAP)
- Mohd Hasbie Muda (AMANAH)
- Mohd Hatta Ramli (AMANAH)
- Manolan Mohamad (PKR)
- Abun Sui Anyit (PKR)
- Noorita Sual (DAP)
- Isaiah Jacob (PKR)
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly:
- Kesavadas A. Achyuthan Nair (DAP)
- Ahmad Azam Hamzah (PKR)
Penang State Legislative Assembly:
- Lingeshwaran R. Arunasalam (DAP)
- Amir Md Ghazali (PKR)
Perak State Legislative Assembly:
- Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament

Pakatan Harapan has 81 members in the House of Representatives .

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member
Kedah	P015	Sungai Petani	Mohammed Taufiq Johari	PKR
Penang	P043	Bagan	Lim Guan Eng	DAP
	P045	Bukit Mertajam	Steven Sim Chee Keong	DAP
	P046	Batu Kawan	Chow Kon Yeow	DAP
	P047	Nibong Tebal	Fadhlina Sidek	PKR
	P048	Bukit Bendera	Syerleena Abdul Rashid	DAP
	P049	Tanjong	Lim Hui Ying	DAP
	P050	Jelutong	Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji Rayer	DAP
	P051	Bukit Gelugor	Ramkarpal Singh	DAP
	P052	Bayan Baru	Sim Tze Tzin	PKR
	P053	Balik Pulau	Muhammad Bakhtiar Wan Chik	PKR
Perak	P060	Taiping	Wong Kah Woh	DAP
	P062	Sungai Siput	Kesavan Subramaniam	PKR
	P063	Tambun	Anwar Ibrahim	PKR
	P064	Ipoh Timor	Howard Lee Chuan How	DAP
	P065	Ipoh Barat	Kulasegaran Murugeson	DAP
	P066	Batu Gajah	Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu	DAP
	P068	Beruas	Ngeh Koo Ham	DAP
	P070	Kampar	Chong Zhemin	DAP
	P071	Gopeng	Tan Kar Hing	PKR
	P076	Teluk Intan	Nga Kor Ming	DAP
	P077	Tanjong Malim	Chang Lih Kang	PKR
Pahang	P080	Raub	Chow Yu Hui	DAP
Pahang	P089	Bentong	Young Syefura Othman	DAP
Selangor	P096	Kuala Selangor	Dzulkefly Ahmad	AMANAH
	P097	Selayang	William Leong Jee Keen	PKR
	P098	Gombak	Amirudin Shari	PKR
	P099	Ampang	Rodziah Ismail	PKR
	P100	Pandan	Mohd Rafizi Ramli	PKR
	P101	Hulu Langat	Mohd Sany Hamzan	AMANAH
	P102	Bangi	Syahredzan Johan	DAP
	P103	Puchong	Yeo Bee Yin	DAP
	P104	Subang	Wong Chen	PKR
	P105	Petaling Jaya	Lee Chean Chung	PKR
	P106	Damansara	Gobind Singh Deo	DAP
	P107	Sungai Buloh	Ramanan Ramakrishnan	PKR
	P108	Shah Alam	Azli Yusof	AMANAH
	P110	Klang	Ganabatirau Veraman	DAP
	P111	Kota Raja	Mohamad Sabu	AMANAH
	P113	Sepang	Raj Munni Sabu	AMANAH
Kuala Lumpur	P114	Kepong	Lim Lip Eng	DAP
	P115	Batu	Prabakaran Parameswaran	PKR
	P116	Wangsa Maju	Zahir Hassan	PKR
	P117	Segambut	Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan	DAP
	P118	Setiawangsa	Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad	PKR
	P120	Bukit Bintang	Fong Kui Lun	DAP
	P121	Lembah Pantai	Fahmi Fadzil	PKR
	P122	Seputeh	Teresa Kok Suh Sim	DAP
	P123	Cheras	Tan Kok Wai	DAP
	P124	Bandar Tun Razak	Wan Azizah Wan Ismail	PKR
Negeri Sembilan	P128	Seremban	Anthony Loke Siew Fook	DAP
	P130	Rasah	Cha Kee Chin	DAP
	P132	Port Dickson	Aminuddin Harun	PKR
Malacca	P135	Alor Gajah	Adly Zahari	AMANAH
	P137	Hang Tuah Jaya	Adam Adli Abdul Halim	PKR
	P138	Kota Melaka	Khoo Poay Tiong	DAP
Johor	P140	Segamat	Yuneswaran Ramaraj	PKR
	P141	Sekijang	Zaliha Mustafa	PKR
	P142	Labis	Pang Hok Liong	DAP
	P144	Ledang	Syed Ibrahim Syed Noh	PKR
	P145	Bakri	Tan Hong Pin	DAP
	P149	Sri Gading	Aminolhuda Hassan	AMANAH
	P150	Batu Pahat	Onn Abu Bakar	PKR
	P152	Kluang	Wong Shu Qi	DAP
	P158	Tebrau	Jimmy Puah Wee Tse	PKR
	P159	Pasir Gudang	Hassan Abdul Karim	PKR
	P160	Johor Bahru	Akmal Nasrullah Mohd Nasir	PKR
	P161	Pulai	Suhaizan Kayat	AMANAH
	P162	Iskandar Puteri	Liew Chin Tong	DAP
	P163	Kulai	Teo Nie Ching	DAP
Sabah	P170	Tuaran	Wilfred Madius Tangau	UPKO
	P171	Sepanggar	Mustapha Sakmud	PKR
	P172	Kota Kinabalu	Chan Foong Hin	DAP
	P174	Penampang	Ewon Benedick	UPKO
	P186	Sandakan	Vivian Wong Shir Yee	DAP
Sarawak	P192	Mas Gading	Mordi Bimol	DAP
	P195	Bandar Kuching	Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen	DAP
	P196	Stampin	Chong Chieng Jen	DAP
	P211	Lanang	Alice Lau Kiong Yieng	DAP
	P212	Sibu	Oscar Ling Chai Yew	DAP
	P219	Miri	Chiew Choon Man	PKR
Total	Kedah (1), Penang (10), Perak (11), Pahang (2), Selangor (16), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (10), Negeri Sembilan (3), Malacca (3), Johor (14), Sabah (5), Sarawak (6)

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Penang State Legislative Assembly

27 / 40

Selangor State Legislative Assembly

32 / 56

Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly

17 / 36

Perak State Legislative Assembly

24 / 59

Johor State Legislative Assembly

12 / 56

Pahang State Legislative Assembly

8 / 42

Malacca State Legislative Assembly

5 / 28

Sabah State Legislative Assembly

7 / 79

Kedah State Legislative Assembly

3 / 36

Perlis State Legislative Assembly

1 / 15

Sarawak State Legislative Assembly

2 / 82

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly

1 / 45

Terengganu State Legislative Assembly

0 / 33

State	No.	Parliamentary constituency	No.	State Constituency	Member
Perlis	P002	Kangar	N8	Indera Kayangan	Gan Ay Ling	PKR
Kedah	P009	Alor Setar	N13	Kota Darul Aman	Teh Swee Leong	DAP
	P015	Sungai Petani	N28	Bakar Arang	Adam Loh Wei Chai	PKR
	P015	Sungai Petani	N29	Sidam	Bau Wong Bau Ek	PKR
Kelantan	P021	Kota Bharu	N9	Kota Lama	Hafidzah Mustakim	AMANAH
Penang	P043	Bagan	N07	Sungai Puyu	Phee Syn Tze	DAP
			N08	Bagan Jermal	Chee Yeeh Keen	DAP
			N09	Bagan Dalam	Kumaran Krishnan	DAP
	P045	Bukit Mertajam	N13	Berapit	Heng Lee Lee	DAP
			N14	Machang Bubok	Lee Khai Loon	PKR
			N15	Padang Lalang	Daniel Gooi Zi Sen	DAP
	P046	Batu Kawan	N16	Perai	Sundarajoo Somu	DAP
			N17	Bukit Tengah	Gooi Hsiao Leung	PKR
			N18	Bukit Tambun	Goh Choon Aik	PKR
	P047	Nibong Tebal	N19	Jawi	Jason H'ng Mooi Lye	DAP
	P048	Bukit Bendera	N22	Tanjong Bunga	Zairil Khir Johari	DAP
			N23	Air Putih	Lim Guan Eng	DAP
			N24	Kebun Bunga	Lee Boon Heng	PKR
			N25	Pulau Tikus	Joshua Woo Sze Zeng	DAP
	P049	Tanjong	N26	Padang Kota	Chow Kon Yeow	DAP
			N27	Pengkalan Kota	Wong Yuee Harng	DAP
			N28	Komtar	Teh Lai Heng	DAP
	P050	Jelutong	N29	Datok Keramat	Jagdeep Singh Deo	DAP
			N30	Sungai Pinang	Lim Siew Khim	DAP
			N31	Batu Lancang	Ong Ah Teong	DAP
	P051	Bukit Gelugor	N32	Seri Delima	Connie Tan Hooi Peng	DAP
			N33	Air Itam	Joseph Ng Soon Seong	DAP
			N34	Paya Terubong	Wong Hon Wai	DAP
	P052	Bayan Baru	N35	Batu Uban	Kumaresan Aramugam	PKR
			N36	Pantai Jerejak	Fahmi Zainol	PKR
			N37	Batu Maung	Mohamad Abdul Hamid	PKR
	P053	Balik Pulau	N38	Bayan Lepas	Azrul Mahathir Aziz	AMANAH
Perak	P60	Taiping	N17	Pokok Assam	Ong Seng Guan	DAP
	P60	Taiping	N18	Aulong	Teh Kok Lim	DAP
	P062	Sungai Siput	N22	Jalong	Loh Sze Yee	DAP
	P063	Tambun	N24	Hulu Kinta	Muhamad Arafat Varisai Mahamad	PKR
	P064	Ipoh Timur	N25	Canning	Jenny Choy Tsi Jen	DAP
			N26	Tebing Tinggi	Abdul Aziz Bari	DAP
			N27	Pasir Pinji	Goh See Hua	DAP
	P065	Ipoh Barat	N28	Bercham	Ong Boon Piow	DAP
			N29	Kepayang	Nga Kor Ming	DAP
			N30	Buntong	Thulsi Thivani Manogaran	DAP
	P066	Batu Gajah	N31	Jelapang	Cheah Pou Hian	DAP
			N32	Menglembu	Chaw Kam Foon	DAP
			N33	Tronoh	Steven Tiw Tee Siang	DAP
	P068	Bruas	N37	Pantai Remis	Wong May Ing	DAP
	P068	Bruas	N38	Astaka	Jason Ng Thien Yeong	DAP
	P070	Kampar	N41	Malim Nawar	Bavani Veraiah	DAP
			N42	Keranji	Angeline Koo Haai Yen	DAP
			N43	Tualang Sekah	Mohd Azlan Helmi	PKR
	P071	Gopeng	N44	Sungai Rapat	Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin	AMANAH
			N45	Simpang Pulai	Wong Chai Yi	PKR
			N46	Teja	Sandrea Ng Shy Ching	PKR
	P075	Bagan Datuk	N54	Hutan Melintang	Wasanthee Sinnasamy	PKR
	P076	Teluk Intan	N55	Pasir Bedamar	Woo Kah Leong	DAP
	P077	Tanjong Malim	N57	Sungkai	Sivanesan Achalingam	DAP
Pahang	P078	Cameron Highlands	N1	Tanah Rata	Ho Chi Yang	DAP
	P080	Raub	N07	Tras	Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji	DAP
	P082	Indera Mahkota	N13	Semambu	Chan Chun Kuang	PKR
	P083	Kuantan	N14	Teruntum	Sim Chon Siang	PKR
	P088	Temerloh	N30	Mentakab	Woo Chee Wan	DAP
	P089	Bentong	N33	Bilut	Lee Chin Chen	DAP
	P089	Bentong	N34	Ketari	Thomas Su Keong Siong	DAP
	P090	Bera	N38	Triang	Leong Yu Man	DAP
Selangor	P093	Sungai Besar	N04	Sekinchan	Ng Suee Lim	DAP
	P094	Hulu Selangor	N06	Kuala Kubu Baharu	Lee Kee Hiong	DAP
	P097	Selayang	N14	Rawang	Chua Wei Kiat	PKR
	P097	Selayang	N15	Taman Templer	Anfaal Saari	AMANAH
	P098	Gombak	N16	Sungai Tua	Amirudin Shari	PKR
	P099	Ampang	N19	Bukit Antarabangsa	Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin	PKR
	P099	Ampang	N20	Lembah Jaya	Syed Ahmad Syed Abdul Rahman Alhadad	PKR
	P100	Pandan	N21	Pandan Indah	Izham Hashim	AMANAH
	P100	Pandan	N22	Teratai	Yew Jia Haur	DAP
	P102	Bangi	N25	Kajang	David Cheong Kian Young	PKR
	P102	Bangi	N27	Balakong	Wayne Ong Chun Wei	DAP
	P103	Puchong	N28	Seri Kembangan	Wong Siew Ki	DAP
	P103	Puchong	N29	Seri Serdang	Abbas Salimi Azmi	AMANAH
	P104	Subang	N30	Kinrara	Ng Sze Han	DAP
	P104	Subang	N31	Subang Jaya	Michelle Ng Mei Sze	DAP
	P105	Petaling Jaya	N32	Seri Setia	Mohammad Fahmi Ngah	PKR
	P105	Petaling Jaya	N34	Bukit Gasing	Rajiv Rishyakaran	DAP
	P106	Damansara	N35	Kampung Tunku	Lim Yi Wei	DAP
			N36	Bandar Utama	Jamaliah Jamaluddin	DAP
			N37	Bukit Lanjan	Pua Pei Ling	PKR
	P107	Sungai Buloh	N39	Kota Damansara	Muhammad Izuan Ahmad Kasim	PKR
	P108	Shah Alam	N40	Kota Anggerik	Najwan Halimi	PKR
	P108	Shah Alam	N41	Batu Tiga	Danial Al Rashid Haron Aminar Rashid	AMANAH
	P109	Kapar	N42	Meru	Mariam Abdul Rashid	AMANAH
	P110	Klang	N45	Bandar Baru Klang	Quah Perng Fei	DAP
			N46	Pelabuhan Klang	Azmizam Zaman Huri	PKR
			N47	Pandamaran	Leong Tuck Chee	DAP
	P111	Kota Raja	N48	Sentosa	Gunarajah George	PKR
	P111	Kota Raja	N50	Kota Kemuning	Preakas Sampunathan	DAP
	P112	Kuala Langat	N52	Banting	Papparaidu Veraman	DAP
	P113	Sepang	N54	Tanjong Sepat	Borhan Aman Shah	PKR
	P113	Sepang	N56	Sungai Pelek	Lwi Kian Keong	DAP
Negeri Sembilan	P126	Jelebu	N01	Chennah	Anthony Loke Siew Fook	DAP
	P126	Jelebu	N04	Kelawang	Bakri Sawir	AMANAH
	P127	Jempol	N08	Bahau	Teo Kok Seong	DAP
	P128	Seremban	N10	Nilai	Arul Kumar Jambunathan	DAP
			N11	Lobak	Chew Seh Yong	DAP
			N12	Temiang	Ng Chin Tsai	DAP
			N13	Sikamat	Aminuddin Harun	PKR
			N14	Ampangan	Tengku Zamrah Tengku Sulaiman	PKR
	P129	Kuala Pilah	N18	Pilah	Noorzunita Begum Abdullah	PKR
	P130	Rasah	N21	Bukit Kepayang	Nicole Tan Lee Koon	DAP
			N22	Rahang	Desmond Siau Meow Kong	DAP
			N23	Mambau	Yap Yew Weng	DAP
			N24	Seremban Jaya	Gunasekaren Palasamy	DAP
	P132	Port Dickson	N29	Chuah	Yew Boon Lye	PKR
			N30	Lukut	Choo Ken Hwa	DAP
			N33	Sri Tanjung	Rajasekaran Gunasekaran	PKR
	P133	Tampin	N36	Repah	Veerapan Superamaniam	DAP
Malacca	P137	Hang Tuah Jaya	N16	Ayer Keroh	Kerk Chee Yee	DAP
	P137	Hang Tuah Jaya	N17	Bukit Katil	Adly Zahari	AMANAH
	P138	Kota Melaka	N19	Kesidang	Allex Seah Shoo Chin	DAP
			N20	Kota Laksamana	Low Chee Leong	DAP
			N22	Bandar Hilir	Leng Chau Yen	DAP
Johor	P140	Segamat	N2	Jementah	Ng Kor Sim	DAP
	P144	Ledang	N10	Tangkak	Ee Chin Li	DAP
	P145	Bakri	N12	Bentayan	Ng Yak Howe	DAP
	P145	Bakri	N13	Simpang Jeram	Nazri Abdul Rahman	AMANAH
	P150	Batu Pahat	N23	Penggaram	Gan Peck Cheng	DAP
	P152	Kluang	N28	Mengkibol	Chew Chong Sin	DAP
	P159	Pasir Gudang	N42	Johor Jaya	Liow Cai Tung	DAP
	P160	Johor Bahru	N45	Stulang	Andrew Chen Kah Eng	DAP
	P161	Pulai	N46	Perling	Liew Chin Tong	DAP
	P162	Iskandar Puteri	N48	Skudai	Marina Ibrahim	DAP
	P163	Kulai	N51	Bukit Batu	Arthur Chiong Sen Sern	PKR
	P163	Kulai	N52	Senai	Wong Bor Yang	DAP
Sabah	P169	Kota Belud	N11	Kadamaian	Ewon Benedick	UPKO
	P171	Sepanggar	N18	Inanam	Peto Galim	PKR
	P172	Kota Kinabalu (Jesselton)	N19	Likas	Tan Lee Fatt	DAP
			N20	Api-Api	Christina Liew Chin Jin	PKR
			N21	Luyang	Phoong Jin Zhe	DAP
	P174	Penampang	N25	Kapayan	Jannie Lasimbang	DAP
	P186	Sandakan	N56	Tanjong Papat	Frankie Poon	DAP
Sarawak	P195	Bandar Kuching	N09	Padungan	Chong Chieng Jen	DAP
Sarawak	P195	Bandar Kuching	N10	Pending	Violet Yong Wui Wui	DAP
Total	Perlis (1), Kedah (3), Kelantan (1), Penang (27), Perak (24), Pahang (8), Selangor (32), Negeri Sembilan (17), Malacca (5), Johor (13), Sabah (7), Sarawak (2)

Pakatan Harapan state governments

State	Leader type	Member		State Constituency
Negeri Sembilan	Menteri Besar	Aminuddin Harun	PKR	Sikamat
Penang	Chief Minister	Chow Kon Yeow	DAP	Padang Kota
Selangor	Menteri Besar	Amirudin Shari	PKR	Sungai Tua

Pakatan Harapan also forms the state governments of Pahang, Perak, Melaka and Johor in coalition with Barisan Nasional, and the state government of Sabah in coalition with Gabungan Rakyat Sabah, following the formation of the federal unity government (Kerajaan Perpaduan) in the aftermath of the 15th general election of November 2022.

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Penang	Deputy Chief Minister I	Mohamad Abdul Hamid		PKR	Batu Maung
Penang	Deputy Chief Minister II	Jagdeep Singh Deo		DAP	Datok Keramat

State	Leader type	Member		State Constituency
Melaka	Deputy Speaker	Kerk Chee Yee	DAP	Ayer Keroh
Negeri Sembilan	Speaker	Mk Ibrahim Abdul Rahman	AMANAH	Non-MLA
Pahang	Deputy Speaker	Lee Chin Chen	DAP	Bilut
Penang	Speaker	Law Choo Kiang	PKR	Non-MLA
Penang	Deputy Speaker	Azrul Mahathir Aziz	AMANAH	Bayan Lepas
Perak	Deputy Speaker	Jenny Choy Tsi Jen	DAP	Canning
Selangor	Speaker	Lau Weng San	DAP	Non-MLA
Selangor	Deputy Speaker	Mohd Kamri Kamaruddin	PKR	Bukit Antarabangsa

Ministerial posts

Portfolio	Office Bearer		Constituency
Prime Minister Minister of Finance	Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim MP	PKR	Tambun
Minister of Transport	Anthony Loke Siew Fook MP MLA	DAP	Seremban
Minister of Agriculture and Food Security	Datuk Seri Mohamad Sabu MP	AMANAH	Kota Raja
Minister of Economy	Mohd. Rafizi Ramli MP	PKR	Pandan
Minister of Local Government Development	Nga Kor Ming MP MLA	DAP	Teluk Intan
Minister of Home Affairs	Senator Datuk Seri Saifuddin Nasution Ismail	PKR	Senator
Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation	Chang Lih Kang MP	PKR	Tanjong Malim
Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Sustainability	Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad MP	PKR	Setiawangsa
Minister of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives	Datuk Ewon Benedick MP MLA	UPKO	Penampang
Minister of Communications	Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil MP	PKR	Lembah Pantai
Minister of Education	Fadhlina Sidek MP	PKR	Nibong Tebal
Minister of Youth and Sports	Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan MP	DAP	Segambut
Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Federal Territories)	Dr. Zaliha Mustafa MP	PKR	Sekijang
Minister of Health	Datuk Seri Dr. Dzulkefly Ahmad MP	AMANAH	Kuala Selangor
Minister of Digital	Gobind Singh Deo MP	DAP	Damansara
Minister of Human Resources	Steven Sim Chee Keong MP	DAP	Bukit Mertajam

Portfolio	Office Bearer		Constituency
Deputy Minister of Finance	Lim Hui Ying MP	DAP	Tanjong
Deputy Minister of Energy Transition and Water Transformation	Akmal Nasrullah Mohd. Nasir MP	PKR	Johor Bahru
Deputy Minister of Local Government Development	Datuk Aiman Athirah Sabu MP	AMANAH	Sepang
Deputy Minister of Investment, Trade and Industry	Liew Chin Tong MP MLA	DAP	Iskandar Puteri
Deputy Minister of Defence	Adly Zahari MP MLA	AMANAH	Alor Gajah
Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Law and Institutional Reform)	Kulasegaran Murugeson MP	DAP	Ipoh Barat
Deputy Minister of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperatives	Dato' Ramanan Ramakrishnan MP	PKR	Sungai Buloh
Deputy Minister of Higher Education	Datuk Mustapha Sakmud MP	PKR	Sepanggar
Deputy Minister of Communications	Teo Nie Ching MP	DAP	Kulai
Deputy Minister of Education	Wong Kah Woh MP	DAP	Taiping
Deputy Minister of National Unity	Senator Saraswathy Kandasami	PKR	Senator
Deputy Minister of Youth and Sports	Adam Adli Abdul Halim MP	PKR	Hang Tuah Jaya
Deputy Minister of Domestic Trade and Costs of Living	Senator Fuziah Salleh	PKR	Senator
Deputy Minister of Plantation and Commodities	Datuk Chan Foong Hin MP	DAP	Kota Kinabalu

General election results

Election	Total seats won	Seats contested	Total votes	Voting Percentage	Outcome of election	Election leader
2018	122 / 222	222	5,615,822	45.56%	53 seats; Governing coalition (2018–2020) later Opposition coalition (2020–2022)	Mahathir Mohamad
2022	82 / 222	220	5,801,327	37.46%	40 seats; Governing coalition with Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and Parti Warisan	Anwar Ibrahim

State election results

State election	State Legislative Assembly
State election	Perlis	Kedah	Kelantan	Terengganu	Penang	Perak	Pahang	Selangor	Negeri Sembilan	Malacca	Johor	Sabah	Sarawak	Total won / Total contested

2/3 majority	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3	2 / 3
2016													10 / 82
2018	3 / 15	18 / 36	0 / 45	0 / 32	37 / 40	29 / 59	9 / 42	51 / 56	20 / 36	15 / 28	36 / 56	29 / 60		241 / 587
2020												32 / 73
2021										5 / 28				5 / 28
2021													2 / 82	2 / 62
2022											12 / 56			12 / 50
2022	1 / 15					24 / 59	8 / 42							33 / 115
2023		3 / 36	1 / 45	0 / 32	27 / 40			32 / 56	17 / 36					80 / 137

Notes

^ The state government of Sabah was formed with a confidence and supply agreement with WARISAN and UPKO.

References

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^ "Opposition Pact to unveil common logo for GE14 on Friday". New Straits Times. 5 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. In a press conference at Parliament lobby on Thursday, Lim Guan Eng however said the change will only be for peninsula in the polls and the four parties will not use the common Pakatan Harapan logo in Sabah and Sarawak for GE14 election campaign. They're different because they have autonomy. So we respect this and they can use the DAP rocket logo.
^ Julia Chan (6 April 2018). "Sabah, Sarawak Pakatan parties won't use common logo". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. This was a big decision for us, to be able to exercise our autonomy and decide for ourselves. We chose to use our own respective party flags. So, PKR, DAP and Amanah flags will be used here.
^ Sharon Ling (9 April 2018). "Sarawak DAP to use rocket logo for GE14". The Star. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018. We have decided that DAP will use the rocket symbol while PKR and Amanah will both use the PKR logo.
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Pakatan Harapan

Chairman

Anwar Ibrahim

President

Wan Azizah Wan Ismail

Deputy Presidents

Vice-Presidents

Chief Secretary

Saifuddin Nasution Ismail

Chief Whip

Anthony Loke Siew Fook

Treasurer

Husam Musa

Youth Chief

Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen

Women Chief

Raj Muni Sabu @ Aiman Athirah Al Junaidi

State Chairman

Johor: Salahuddin Ayub (AMANAH)
Kedah: Mahfuz Omar (AMANAH)
Kelantan: Wan Abd. Rahim (AMANAH)
Malacca: Adly Zahari (AMANAH)
Negeri Sembilan: Aminuddin Harun (PKR)
Pahang: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
Penang: Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
Perak: Mujahid Yusof Rawa (AMANAH)
Perlis: Noor Amin Ahmad (PKR)
Sabah: Christina Liew Chin Jin (PKR)
Sarawak: Chong Chieng Jen (DAP)
Selangor: Amirudin Shari (PKR)
Terengganu: Raja Kamarul Bahrin (AMANAH)
Federal Territory: Tan Kok Wai (DAP)

Parties

People's Justice Party (PKR)	Nurul Izzah Anwar Rafizi Ramli Chang Lih Kang Amirudin Shari Aminuddin Harun Awang Husaini Sahari Saraswathy Kandasamy Nik Nazmi Adam Adli Fadhlina Sidek Fahmi Fadzil
Democratic Action Party (DAP)	Gobind Singh Deo Lim Guan Eng Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji Teresa Kok Suh Sim David Nga Kor Ming Sivakumar Varatharaju Chong Eng Steven Sim Chee Keong Liew Chin Tong Chow Kon Yeow Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji
National Trust Party (AMANAH)	Ahmad Awang Mujahid Yusof Rawa Hasanuddin Mohd Yunus Mahfuz Omar Siti Mariah Mahmud Hatta Ramli Dzulkefly Ahmad Khalid Samad Hasbie Muda
United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)	Donald Peter Mojuntin Ewon Benedick Juliana Jani Felix Joseph Sitin Saang Nelson Angang Laurentius Nayan Ambu Gilbert Syam Pangiran Lalung

State Governments

Chief Minister of Penang	Chow Kon Yeow (DAP)
Menteri Besar of Selangor	Amirudin Shari (PKR)
Menteri Besar of Negeri Sembilan	Aminuddin Harun (PKR)

Cabinet

Mahathir (VII)
Anwar (I)

Political parties in Malaysia

Parties represented in the Dewan Negara, Dewan Rakyat and/or State Assemblies

Pakatan Harapan (PH)	Democratic Action Party (DAP) People's Justice Party (PKR) National Trust Party (AMANAH) United Progressive Kinabalu Organisation (UPKO)
Barisan Nasional (BN)	United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah (PBRS)
Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS)	United Traditional Bumiputera Party (PBB) Sarawak United Peoples' Party (SUPP) Parti Rakyat Sarawak (PRS) Progressive Democratic Party (PDP)
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)	Parti Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (GAGASAN) United Sabah Party (PBS) Homeland Solidarity Party (STAR) Sabah Progressive Party (SAPP) Sabah People's Hope Party (PHRS)
Perikatan Nasional (PN)	Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU) Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN)
Other parties	Heritage Party (WARISAN) Malaysian United Democratic Alliance (MUDA) Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB) Parti Bangsa Malaysia (PBM) Social Democratic Harmony Party (KDM) Love Sabah Party (PCS) Independent

Parties without representation in the Parliament and State Assemblies

Friends of Barisan Nasional	Malaysia Makkal Sakti Party (MMSP) Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress (KIMMA) Love Malaysia Party (PCM) All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front (IPF) Malaysian Indian United Party (MIUP) Punjabi Party of Malaysia (PPM) Parti Kuasa Rakyat (KUASA)* Minority Rights Action Party (MIRA)
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS)	United Sabah National Organisation (Baru) (USNO) Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
Gabungan Rakyat Sabah Plus (GRS+)	Sabah Native Co-operation Party (ANAK NEGERI)
Pakatan Harapan Plus (PH+)	Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM)
Gerakan Tanah Air (GTA)	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) Parti Bumiputera Perkasa Malaysia (PUTRA) Parti Perikatan India Muslim Nasional (IMAN)
Gagasan Sejahtera (GS)	Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) People's Alternative Party (PAP) Malaysian Hope Party (PHM)
Other parties	Malaysian Indian People’s Party Homeland Fighters' Party (PEJUANG) Socialist Alternative (SA)* Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) Malaysian People's Progressive Party (myPPP) People's Welfare Party (KITA) Malaysian United People's Party (BERSAMA) Malaysian Advancement Party (KEMAJUAN) Sabah People's Unity Party (PPRS) Penang Front Party (PFP) Malaysian United Party (MUP) Malaysian Ceylonese Congress (MCC) Sabah Nationality Party (PKS) Sabah National People's Unity Organisation (PERPADUAN) Sabah Truth Party (KEBENARAN) Sabahan Bugis United Party (PBBS) Sabah People's Economy Party (PERS) Sabah Prosperous Party of Unity Front (SAPU) Parti Damai Sabah (SPP) Land of the Hornbills Party (PBK) Malaysian Science Aspiration Party (SAINS) Economic Sarawak United People's Party (PERSB) Justice of the Peace Coalition People's Party (PEACE) Malaysian Indian Justice Party (MIJP) Malaysian National Party (PNM) Malaysian Citizen National Party (PNPM) Green Party of Malaysia (PHM) People First Party (URPARTI) Malaysian Arc Party (BAHTERA) Barisan Penyatuan Nasional Parti Aspirasi Rakyat Sarawak (ASPIRASI) Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (Baru) (PBDS) Parti Sedar Rakyat Sarawak (SEDAR) Sarawak for Sarawakian (S4S) Sarawak Independent Alliance (SIA)

Defunct parties and coalition

Defunct coalitions	All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) Labour Front (LF) Socialist Front (SF) Alliance Party (AP) Malayan Peoples' Socialist Front (SF) Barisan Sabah Kumpulan Maju (MAJU) Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) Gagasan Rakyat (GR) Barisan Alternatif (BA) Pakatan Rakyat (PR)
Defunct former parliamentary parties	Malayan Party (MP) Sarawak National Party (SNAP) Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) Sarawak Malaysian People's Association (PERMAS) Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) National Party (Negara) Labour Party of Malaya (Lab) National Convention Party (NCP) Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA) Malaysian Social Justice Party (PEKEMAS) Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP) Semangat 46 (S46) United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) United Pasok Momogun Organisation (UPMO) United Pasokmomogun Kadazan Organisation (UPKO) Sabah National Party (SANAP) Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) Sarawak Chinese Association (SCA) People's Justice Front (AKAR) Sarawak People's Energy Party (TERAS) United Democratic Party (UDP) Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP) Muslim League of Malaya (ML) National Association of Perak (NAP) Radical Party (RADICAL) Sarawak People's Organisation (SAPO) Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP) Barisan Ra'ayat Jati Sarawak (BARJASA) Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak (PESAKA) Parti Bumiputera Sarawak (BUMIPUTERA) Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) Sabah Indian Congress (SIC) United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation (PASOK) Sabah Democratic Party (PDS)
Other defunct parties	Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) Malayan Communist Party (MCP) (Revolutionary Faction) (Marxist-Leninist) Malaysian Marhaen Party (PMM) North Kalimantan Communist Party (NKCP) Selangor Labour Party (SLP) Muslim Community Union of Malaysia (IKATAN) Federated Sabah People's Front (BERSEKUTU) Social Democratic Party (SDP) Province Wellesley Labor Party (PWLP) Purtobohan Bumi Putera (PURTOBOHAN) Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air (KITA) Independent People's Progressive Party (IPPP) Parti Umat Sarawak (UMAT) United People's Party (1976) (UPP) United Sabah People's Organisation (USPO) Sabah People's Democratic Party (SEDAR) United Sabah Assembly Party (PUSAKA) Parti Anak Jati Sarawak (PAJAR) Sarawak People's National Party (PNRS) Sarawak United Democratic Party (BERSATU) Parti Nasionalis Malaysia (NASMA) Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah (BERSEPADU) Parti Bertindak Rakyat Sabah (BERSIH) Sabah Chinese Party (PCS) Sabah National Momogun Party (MOMOGUN) Sarawak United Labour Party (PLUS) Sabah People's Party (PRS) Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia (AKIM) United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party (SETIA) Malaysian Solidarity Party (MSP) Democratic Malaysian Indian Party (DMIP) Community Coalition Congress (CCC) Sabah People's Front (SPF) Parti Merdeka Malaysia (PMM) Human Rights Party (HRP) Parti Perpaduan Masyarakat (PPM)