Pantherinae

Subfamily of felids

Pantherinae^[1] Temporal range: Late Miocene to Holocene PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N

Pantherinae subfamily members (from left): jaguar, leopard, lion, tiger, snow leopard and clouded leopard
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Pantherinae Pocock, 1917
Genera
Neofelis Gray, 1867 Panthera Oken, 1816 †Leontoceryx Kretzoi, 1938 †Palaeopanthera Hemmer, 2023 †Pachypanthera de Bonis et al., 2023

The Pantherinae is a subfamily of the Felidae; it was named and first described by Reginald Innes Pocock in 1917 as only including the Panthera species.^[2] The Pantherinae genetically diverged from a common ancestor between 9.32 to 4.47 million years ago and 10.67 to 3.76 million years ago.^[3]^[4]

Characteristics

Pantherinae species are characterised by an imperfectly ossified hyoid bone with elastic tendons that enable their larynx to be mobile.^[2] They have a flat rhinarium that only barely reaches the dorsal side of the nose. The area between the nostrils is narrow, and not extended sidewards as in the Felinae.^[5]

The Panthera species have a single, rounded, vocal fold with a thick mucosal lining, a large vocalis muscle, and a large cricothyroid muscle with long and narrow membranes. A vocal fold that is longer than 19 mm (0.75 in) enables all but the snow leopard among them to roar, as it has shorter vocal folds of 9 mm (0.35 in) that provide a lower resistance to airflow; this distinction was one reason it was proposed to be retained in the genus Uncia.^[6]^[7]

Evolution

The Felidae originated in Central Asia in the Late Miocene; the subfamily Pantherinae diverged from the Felidae between 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago and 16.35 to 7.91 million years ago.^[3]^[4] Several fossil Panthera species were described:

Panthera blytheae is the oldest known species that possibly lived about 5.95 to 4.1 million years ago.^[8]
Panthera palaeosinensis lived in the early Pleistocene around two to three million years ago in northern East Asia.^[9]
Panthera zdanskyi is dated to 2.55 to 2.16 million years ago.^[9]
Panthera gombaszoegensis lived from about 2 to 0.35 million years ago in Europe.^[10]
Panthera youngi lived in the Pleistocene about 0.69 to 0.42 million years ago in China.^[11]
Panthera spelaea lived in Europe after the third Cromerian interglacial stage from about 450,000 to 14,000 years ago.^[12]
Panthera atrox lived in North America during the Pleistocene and early Holocene about 340,000 to 11,000 years ago.^[13]
Panthera shawi was a lion-like cat in South Africa that possibly lived in the early Pleistocene.^[14]
Panthera balamoides lived in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, during the Pleistocene.^[15]

An additional fossil genus Leontoceryx was described in 1938.^[16]

There is evidence of distinct markers for the mitochondrial genome for Felidae.^[17]^[18]

Results of a DNA-based study indicate that the tiger (Panthera tigris) branched off first, followed by the jaguar (P. onca), the lion (P. leo), then the leopard (P. pardus) and snow leopard (P. uncia).^[19]

Felis pamiri, formerly referred to as Metailurus, is now considered a probable relative of extant Pantherinae and was moved to the genus Miopanthera.^[20]

Taxonomy

Pocock originally defined the Pantherinae as comprising the genera Panthera and Uncia.^[2] Today, Uncia has been subsumed into Panthera, and the genus Neofelis is also included.^[21]

Living genera

The following table shows the extant taxa within the Pantherinae, grouped according to the traditional phenotypical classification.^[21]

Genus **Neofelis** – Gray, 1867 – two species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Clouded leopard	N. nebulosa (Griffith, 1821)	Central Nepal to continental Southeast Asia and southern China	Size: head to body 68.6–108 cm (27.0–42.5 in) with 61–91 cm (24–36 in) long tail^[22] Habitat: Forest and shrubland^[23] Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals on the ground and in trees, as well as birds^[23]	VU 3,700-5,600 ^[23]
Sunda clouded leopard	N. diardi Cuvier, 1823 Two subspecies N. d. borneensis (Bornean clouded leopard) N. d. diardi (Sumatran clouded leopard)	Parts of Sumatra and Borneo	Size: 69–108 cm (27–43 in) long, 61–91 cm (24–36 in) tail^[24] Habitat: Forest^[25] Diet: Medium-sized and small mammals^[25]	VU 4,500 ^[25]

Genus **Panthera** – Oken, 1816 – five species
Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Jaguar	P. onca (Linnaeus, 1758)	Large swathes of South and Latin America, and Arizona in the United States	Size: 110–170 cm (43–67 in) long, 44–80 cm (17–31 in) tail^[26] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, inland wetlands, savanna, and grassland^[27] Diet: Variety of mammals, reptiles and birds, preferring ungulates^[27]	NT Unknown ^[27]
Leopard	P. pardus (Linnaeus, 1758) Eight subspecies P. p. delacouri (Indochinese leopard) P. p. fusca (Indian leopard) P. p. kotiya (Sri Lankan leopard) P. p. melas (Javan leopard) P. p. nimr (Arabian leopard) P. p. orientalis (Amur leopard) P. p. pardus (African leopard) P. p. tulliana (Persian leopard / Anatolian leopard)	Much of Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, the Caucasus in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Siberia	Size: 91–191 cm (36–75 in) long, 51–101 cm (20–40 in) tail^[28] Habitat: Forest, desert, rocky areas, grassland, savanna, and shrubland^[29] Diet: Ungulates, as well as other mammals, insects, reptiles, and birds^[29]	VU Unknown ^[29]
Lion	P. leo (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies P. l. leo P. l. melanochaita	Sub-Saharan Africa and India	Size: 137–250 cm (54–98 in) long, 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail^[30] Habitat: Forest, grassland, shrubland, savanna, and desert^[31] Diet: Ungulates such as antelopes, zebra, and wildebeest, as well as other small to large mammals^[31]	VU 23,000–39,000 ^[31]
Snow leopard	P. uncia (Schreber, 1775)	Himalayas reaching north to Mongolia	Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long, 80–100 cm (31–39 in) tail^[32] Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, forest, and grassland^[33] Diet: Caprids such as sheep and goats, as well as small mammals and birds^[33]	VU 2,700–3,400 ^[33]
Tiger	P. tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) Two subspecies P. t. sondaica (Sunda Island tiger) P. t. tigris (Mainland Asian tiger)	Scattered sections of Southeast Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Siberia	Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, 90–110 cm (35–43 in) tail^[34] Habitat: Shrubland, forest, and grassland^[35] Diet: Deer and wild pigs, as well as a wide variety of other animals^[35]	EN 2,600–3,900 ^[35]

References

^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Pantherinae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 545–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pocock, R. I. (1917). "The Classification of existing Felidae". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Series 8. XX: 329–350. doi:10.1080/00222931709487018.
^ ^a ^b Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825.
^ ^a ^b Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
^ Hemmer, H. (1966). "Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae). Teil I" [Researching the phylogenetic history of the Pantherinae. Part I]. Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München. 11: 1–121.
^ Hast, M. H. (1989). "The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats". Journal of Anatomy. 163: 117–121. PMC 1256521. PMID 2606766.
^ Weissengruber, G. E.; Forstenpointner, G.; Peters, G.; Kübber-Heiss, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and domestic cat (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy. 201 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. PMC 1570911. PMID 12363272.
^ Tseng, Z.J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G.J.; Takeuchi, G.T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014). "Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1774): 20132686. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686. PMC 3843846. PMID 24225466.
^ ^a ^b Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P. & Kitchener, A. C. (2011). "Oldest Known Pantherine Skull and Evolution of the Tiger". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25483. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625483M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483. PMC 3189913. PMID 22016768.
^ Marciszak, A. (2014). "Presence of Panthera gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) in the late Middle Pleistocene of Biśnik Cave, Poland, with an overview of Eurasian jaguar size variability". Quaternary International. 326–327: 105–113. Bibcode:2014QuInt.326..105M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.029.
^ Sotnikova, M.V. & Foronova, I.V. (2014). "First Asian record of Panthera (Leo) fossilis (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) in the Early Pleistocene of Western Siberia, Russia". Integrative Zoology. 9 (4): 517–530. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12082. PMID 24382145.
^ Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 30 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020. PMID 15012963.
^ Christiansen, P. & Harris, J. M. (2009). "Craniomandibular morphology and phylogenetic affinities of Panthera atrox: implications for the evolution and paleobiology of the lion lineage". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 934–945. doi:10.1671/039.029.0314. S2CID 85975640.
^ Sabol, M. (2011). "Masters of the lost world: a hypothetical look at the temporal and spatial distribution of lion-like felids". Quaternaire. Hors-série. 4: 229–236.
^ Stinnesbeck, S. R.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Frey, E.; Avilés Olguín, J.; Rojas Sandoval, C.; Velázquez Morlet, A.; González, A. H. (2019). "Panthera balamoides and other Pleistocene felids from the submerged caves of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (7): 930–939. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1556649. S2CID 92328512.
^ Kretzoi, M. (1938). "Die Raubtiere von Gombaszo ̈g nebst einer Ubersicht der Gesamtfauna". Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici. 3.
^ Wei, L.; Wu, X. & Jiang, Z. (2008). "The complete mitochondrial genome structure of snow leopard Panthera uncia". Molecular Biology Reports. 36 (5): 871–878. doi:10.1007/s11033-008-9257-9. PMID 18431688. S2CID 22736941.
^ Yu, L.; Qing-wei, L.; Ryder, O.A. & Ya-ping, Z. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships within mammalian order Carnivora indicated by sequences of two nuclear DNA genes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (3): 694–705. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.08.001. PMID 15522797. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07.
^ Yu, L.; Zhang, Y. P. (2005). "Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (2): 483–495. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.017. PMID 15804417.
^ Geraads, D.; Peigné, S. (2016). "Re-Appraisal of Felis pamiri Ozansoy, 1959 (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Upper Miocene of Turkey: the Earliest Pantherine Cat?". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (4): 415–425. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9349-6. S2CID 207195894.
^ ^a ^b Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 64−75.
^ Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa (Griffiths, 1821)". Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 278–284. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gray, T.; Borah, J.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Ghimirey, Y.; Giordano, A.; Greenspan, E.; Petersen, W.; Rostro-García, S.; Shariff, M.; Wai-Ming, W. (2021). "Neofelis nebulosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T14519A198843258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T14519A198843258.en.
^ "CatSG: Sunda clouded leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Hearn, A.; Ross, J.; Brodie, J.; Cheyne, S.; Haidir, I. A.; Loken, B.; Mathai, J.; Wilting, A.; McCarthy, J. (2016). "Neofelis diardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T136603A50664601. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T136603A50664601.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ "CatSG: Jaguar". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018). "Panthera onca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T15953A50658693. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ "CatSG: Leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stein, A. B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2016). "Panthera pardus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15954A50659089. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15954A50659089.en.
^ "CatSG: African lion". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P. F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2017). "Panthera leo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T15951A107265605. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en.|date= / |doi= mismatch
^ "CatSG: Snow leopard". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017). "Panthera uncia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22732A50664030. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en.
^ "CatSG: Tiger". International Union for Conservation of Nature Cat Specialist Group. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
^ ^a ^b ^c Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015). "Panthera tigris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T15955A50659951. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en.

External links

Choi, C. Q. (2011). "World's Oldest Tiger Species Discovered". Live Science. Retrieved 2019-06-30.

Extant Carnivora species

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder Feliformia

Nandiniidae

Nandinia	African palm civet (N. binotata)

Herpestidae
(Mongooses)

Atilax	Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale	Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus	Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis	Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale	Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale	Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes	Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia	White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus	Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos	Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis	Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale	Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata	Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva	Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale	Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)

Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)

Crocuta	Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena	Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena	Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles	Aardwolf (P. cristata)

Felidae

Large family listed below

Viverridae

Large family listed below

Eupleridae

Small family listed below

Family Felidae

Felinae

Acinonyx	Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal	African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma	Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis	Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus	Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus	Pampas cat (L. colocola) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus	Serval (L. serval)
Lynx	Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus	Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis	Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma	Cougar (P. concolor)

Pantherinae

Panthera	Lion (P. leo) Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis	Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

Prionodontidae

Prionodon	Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)

Family Viverridae

Paradoxurinae

Arctictis	Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia	Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia	Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma	Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus	Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Hemigalinae

Chrotogale	Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale	Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale	Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus	Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)

Viverrinae

Civettictis	African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra	Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula	Small Indian civet (V. indica)

Genettinae

Genetta
(Genets)

Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)

Poiana

Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)

Family Eupleridae

Euplerinae

Cryptoprocta	Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres	Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa	Malagasy civet (F. fossana)

Galidiinae

Galidia	Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis	Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis	Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia	Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)

Ursidae
(Bears)

Ailuropoda	Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos	Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus	Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos	Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus	American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)

Mephitidae
(Skunks)

Conepatus (Hog-nosed skunks)	Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis	Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus	Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale (Spotted skunks)	Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae
(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)

Bassaricyon (Olingos)	Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus	Ringtail (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua (Coatis inclusive)	White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella (Coatis inclusive)	Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis) Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos	Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon	Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)

Ailuridae

Ailurus	Red panda (A. fulgens)

Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)

Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)

Arctocephalus	South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus	Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias	Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca	Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria	South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos	New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus	California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)

Odobenus	Walrus (O. rosmarus)

Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)

Cystophora	Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus	Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus	Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca	Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga	Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes	Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon	Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga (Elephant seals)	Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus	Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus	Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca	Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus	Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca	Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa	Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Canidae

Large family listed below

Mustelidae

Large family listed below

Family Canidae (includes dogs)

Atelocynus	Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis	Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon	Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon	Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon	Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella	Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex	Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon	African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes	Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon	Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos	Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon	Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)	Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Family Mustelidae

Helictidinae
(Ferret-badgers)

Melogale	Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis) Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti) Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata) Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)

Guloninae
(Martens and wolverines)

Eira	Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo	Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes (Martens)	American marten (M. americana) Pacific marten (M. caurina) Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania	Fisher (P. pennanti)

Ictonychinae
(African polecats and grisons)

Galictis	Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx	Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca) Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon	Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale	African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela	Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)

Lutrinae
(Otters)

Aonyx	African clawless otter (A. capensis) Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus) Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra	Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis	Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra	North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra	Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale	Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura	Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)

Melinae
(Eurasian badgers)

Arctonyx	Northern hog badger (A. albogularis) Greater hog badger (A. collaris) Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles	Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Caucasian badger (M. canescens) Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger (M. meles)