Paradoxurinae

Subfamily of carnivores

Paradoxurinae

Binturong (Arctictis binturong)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Viverridae
Subfamily:	Paradoxurinae Gray, 1864
Genera
see Classification

Paradoxurinae is a subfamily of the feliform viverrids that was denominated and first described by John Edward Gray in 1864.^[1] Pocock subordinated the genera Paradoxurus, Paguma and Arctictis to this subfamily.^[2]^[3]

Classification

Living species

Genus	Species	IUCN Red List status and distribution
Paradoxurus Cuvier, 1822^[4]	Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) (Pallas, 1777)^[5]	LC^[6]
	Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis) (Pallas, 1778)^[7]	VU^[8]
	Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Blanford, 1885^[9]	LC^[10]
Arctictis Temminck, 1824^[11]	Binturong (A. binturong) (Raffles, 1822)^[12]	VU^[13]
Paguma Gray, 1831^[14]	Masked palm civet (P. larvata) (Smith, 1827)^[15]	LC^[16]
Arctogalidia Merriam, 1897^[17]	Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) (Gray, 1832)^[18]	LC^[19]

Phylogenetic tree

The phylogenetic relationships of Paradoxurinae are shown in the following cladogram:^[20]^[21]

Paradoxurinae

Paradoxurus

	Paradoxurus zeylonensis (Golden palm civet)

	Paradoxurus montanus (Sri Lankan brown palm civet)

	Paradoxurus stenocephalus (Golden dry-zone palm civet)

	Paradoxurus aureus (Golden wet-zone palm civet)

Paradoxurus jerdoni (Jerdon's palm civet)

Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Asian palm civet)

Arctogalidia

Arctogalidia trivirgata (Small-toothed palm civet)

Paguma

Paguma larvata (Masked palm civet)

Arctictis

Arctictis binturong (Binturong)

Extinct genera

Kichechia Savage, 1965^[22]^[23]
Tugenictis Morales & Pickford, 2005^[24]^[25]
Kanuites Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008^[26]^[25]
Siamictis Grohé et al., 2020^[27]

References

^ Gray, J. E. (1864). "A revision of the genera and species of viverrine animals (Viverridae), founded on the collection in the British Museum". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1864: 502–579.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1933). "The rarer genera of oriental Viverridae". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 103 (4): 969–1035. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1933.tb01638.x.
^ Pocock, R. I. (1939). "Paradoxurinae". The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 376–439.
^ Cuvier, F. (1822). "Du genre Paradoxure et de deux espèces nouvelles qui s'y rapportent". In Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, G. (eds.). Mémoires du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 9. Paris: A. Belin. pp. 41–48.
^ Pallas, P. S. (1778). "Das Zwitterstinktier Viverra hermaphrodita". In Schreber, J. C. D. (ed.). Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. p. 426.
^ Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Choudhury, A.; Chutipong, W.; Willcox, D.H.A.; Mudappa, D.; Rahman, H.; Widmann, P.; Wilting, A. & Xu, W. (2016). "Paradoxurus hermaphroditus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41693A45217835.
^ Pallas, P. S. (1778). "Der Boshond Viverra zeylonensis". In Schreber, J. C. D. (ed.). Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 451–452.
^ Duckworth, J. W.; Mudappa, D.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Woolgar, J.; de Silva Wijeyeratne, G. & Hall, J. (2016). "Paradoxurus zeylonensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41694A45218119.
^ Blanford, W.T. (1855). "Exhibition and description of a skull of an apparently new Species of Paradoxurus (Paradoxurus jerdoni)". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 612–613.
^ Mudappa, D.; Choudhury, A. & Punjabi, G. A. (2016). "Paradoxurus jerdoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16104A45201757.
^ Temminck, C. J. (1824). "XVII Genre Arctictis". Monographies de mammalogie. Paris: Dufour & d'Ocagne. p. xxi.
^ Raffles, T. S. (1822). "XVII. Descriptive Catalogue of a Zoological Collection, made on account of the Honourable East India Company, in the Island of Sumatra and its Vicinity, under the Direction of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieutenant-Governor of Fort Marlborough', with additional Notices illustrative of the Natural History of those Countries". The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. XIII: 239–274.
^ Willcox, D. H. A.; Chutipong, W.; Gray, T. N. E.; Cheyne, S.; Semiadi, G.; Rahman, H.; Coudrat, C. N. Z.; Jennings, A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Ross, J.; et al. (2016). "Arctictis binturong". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41690A45217088.
^ Gray, J. E. (1831). "Paguma". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London. Vol. 1. London: Zoological Society of London. p. 95.
^ Smith, C.H. (1827). "Gulo larvatus, the Masked Glutton". In Griffith, E. (ed.). The animal kingdom : arranged in conformity with its organization. Vol. 2. Mammalia. London: G.B. Whittaker. p. 281.
^ Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Mathai, J.; Willcox, D. H. A.; Ghimirey, Y.; Chan, B. & Ross, J. (2016). "Paguma larvata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41692A45217601.
^ Merriam, C. H. (1897). "The generic names Ictis, Arctogale, and Arctogalidia". Science. 5 (112): 302. doi:10.1126/science.5.112.302. PMID 17741859. S2CID 5336742.
^ Gray, J. E. (1832). "On the family of Viverridae and its generic sub-divisions, with an enumeration of the species of several new ones". Proceedings of the Committee of Science and Correspondence of the Zoological Society of London. 2: 63–68.
^ Willcox, D.H.A.; Duckworth, J. W.; Timmins, R. J.; Chutipong, W.; Choudhury, A.; Roberton, S.; Long, B.; Hearn, A. & Ross, J. (2016). "Arctogalidia trivirgata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41691A45217378.
^ Gaubert, P. & Cordeiro-Estrela, P. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics and tempo of evolution of the Viverrinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Viverridae) within feliformians: implications for faunal exchanges between Asia and Africa" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 41 (2): 266–278. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.034. PMID 16837215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
^ Nyakatura, K. & Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P. (2012). "Updating the evolutionary history of Carnivora (Mammalia): a new species-level supertree complete with divergence time estimates". BMC Biology. 10: 12. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-10-12. PMC 3307490. PMID 22369503.
^ Savage, R. J. G. (1965). "Fossil mammals of Africa: 19, The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 10 (8): 239–316.
^ Adrian, B.; Werdelin, L. & Grossman, A. (2018). "New Miocene Carnivora (Mammalia) from Moruorot and Kalodirr, Kenya" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1 10A): 1–19. doi:10.26879/778.
^ Morales, J. & Pickford, M. (2005). "Carnivores from the Middle Miocene Ngorora Formation (13-12 Ma), Kenya" (PDF). Estudios Geológicos. 61 (3–6): 271–284. doi:10.3989/egeol.05613-668.
^ ^a ^b Werdelin, L. (2019). "Middle Miocene Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Fort Ternan, western Kenya" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 41 (6): 267. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a6. S2CID 146620949.
^ Dehghani, R. & Werdelin, L. (2008). "A new small carnivoran from the Middle Miocene of Fort Ternan, Kenya". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 248 (2): 233–244. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0248-0233.
^ Grohé, C.; Bonis, L. D.; Chaimanee, Y.; Chavasseau, O.; Rugbumrung, M.; Yamee, C.; Suraprasit, K.; Gibert, C.; Surault, J.; Blondel, C.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2020). "The Late Middle Miocene Mae Moh Basin of Northern Thailand: The Richest Neogene Assemblage of Carnivora from Southeast Asia and a Paleobiogeographic Analysis of Miocene Asian Carnivorans". American Museum Novitates (3952): 1–57. doi:10.1206/3952.1. S2CID 219296152.

Extant Carnivora species

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria

Suborder Feliformia

Nandiniidae

Nandinia	African palm civet (N. binotata)

Herpestidae
(Mongooses)

Atilax	Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale	Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda) Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni) Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus	Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri) Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei) Common kusimanse (C. obscurus) Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis	Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale	Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Helogale	Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula) Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes	Angolan slender mongoose (H. flavescens) Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon) Somalian slender mongoose (H. ochracea) Cape gray mongoose (H. pulverulenta) Common slender mongoose (H. sanguinea)
Ichneumia	White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus	Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos	Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus) Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis	Selous's mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale	Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata	Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Urva	Small Indian mongoose (U. auropunctata) Short-tailed mongoose (U. brachyura) Indian grey mongoose (U. edwardsii) Indian brown mongoose (U. fusca) Javan mongoose (U. javanica) Collared mongoose (U. semitorquata) Ruddy mongoose (U. smithii) Crab-eating mongoose (U. urva) Stripe-necked mongoose (U. vitticolla)
Xenogale	Long-nosed mongoose (X. naso)

Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)

Crocuta	Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena	Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Parahyaena	Brown hyena (P. brunnea)
Proteles	Aardwolf (P. cristata)

Felidae

Large family listed below

Viverridae

Large family listed below

Eupleridae

Small family listed below

Family Felidae

Felinae

Acinonyx	Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal	African golden cat (C. aurata) Caracal (C. caracal)
Catopuma	Bay cat (C. badia) Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis	Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti) Domestic cat (F. catus) Jungle cat (F. chaus) African wildcat (F. lybica) Sand cat (F. margarita) Black-footed cat (F. nigripes) European wildcat (F. silvestris)
Herpailurus	Jaguarundi (H. yagouaroundi)
Leopardus	Pampas cat (L. colocola) Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi) Kodkod (L. guigna) Southern tiger cat (L. guttulus) Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita) Ocelot (L. pardalis) Oncilla (L. tigrinus) Margay (L. wiedii) Nariño cat (L. narinensis)
Leptailurus	Serval (L. serval)
Lynx	Canada lynx (L. canadensis) Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) Iberian lynx (L. pardinus) Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus	Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis	Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus	Leopard cat (P. bengalensis) Sunda leopard cat (P. javanensis) Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Puma	Cougar (P. concolor)

Pantherinae

Panthera	Lion (P. leo) Jaguar (P. onca) Leopard (P. pardus) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis	Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)

Prionodontidae

Prionodon	Banded linsang (P. linsang) Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)

Family Viverridae

Paradoxurinae

Arctictis	Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia	Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia	Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma	Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus	Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus) Brown palm civet (P. jerdoni) Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)

Hemigalinae

Chrotogale	Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale	Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale	Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus	Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)

Viverrinae

Civettictis	African civet (C. civetta)
Viverra	Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina) Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila) Malayan civet (V. tangalunga) Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula	Small Indian civet (V. indica)

Genettinae

Genetta
(Genets)

Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Letaba genet (G. letabae)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Hausa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
South African small-spotted genet (G. felina)

Poiana

Central African oyan (P. richardsonii)
West African oyan (P. leightoni)

Family Eupleridae

Euplerinae

Cryptoprocta	Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres	Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii) Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa	Malagasy civet (F. fossana)

Galidiinae

Galidia	Ring-tailed vontsira (G. elegans)
Galidictis	Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata) Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis	Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia	Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor) Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)

Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)

Ursidae
(Bears)

Ailuropoda	Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos	Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus	Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos	Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus	American black bear (U. americanus) Brown bear (U. arctos) Polar bear (U. maritimus) Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)

Mephitidae
(Skunks)

Conepatus (Hog-nosed skunks)	Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga) Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii) American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus) Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis	Hooded skunk (M. macroura) Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus	Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis) Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale (Spotted skunks)	Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons) Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis) Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius) Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)

Procyonidae
(Raccoons, coatis, olingos)

Bassaricyon (Olingos)	Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni) Northern olingo (B. gabbii) Western lowland olingo (B. medius) Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus	Ringtail (B. astutus) Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua (Coatis inclusive)	White-nosed coati (N. narica) South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella (Coatis inclusive)	Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis) Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Potos	Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon	Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) Raccoon (P. lotor) Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)

Ailuridae

Ailurus	Red panda (A. fulgens)

Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)

Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)

Arctocephalus	South American fur seal (A. australis) Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri) Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis) Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella) Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii) Brown fur seal (A. pusillus) Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi) Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus	Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias	Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca	Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria	South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos	New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus	California sea lion (Z. californianus) Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)

Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)

Odobenus	Walrus (O. rosmarus)

Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)

Cystophora	Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus	Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus	Grey seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca	Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga	Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes	Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon	Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga (Elephant seals)	Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris) Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus	Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Neomonachus	Hawaiian monk seal (N. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca	Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus	Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca	Spotted seal (P. largha) Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa	Caspian seal (P. caspica) Ringed seal (P. hispida) Baikal seal (P. sibirica)

Canidae

Large family listed below

Mustelidae

Large family listed below

Family Canidae (includes dogs)

Atelocynus	Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis	Golden jackal (C. aureus) Domestic dog (C. familiaris) Coyote (C. latrans) African wolf (C. lupaster) Wolf (C. lupus) Eastern wolf (C. lycaon) Red wolf (C. rufus) Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon	Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon	Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon	Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lupulella	Side-striped jackal (L. adustus) Black-backed jackal (L. mesomelas)
Lycalopex	Culpeo (L. culpaeus) Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes) South American gray fox (L. griseus) Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus) Sechuran fox (L. sechurae) Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon	African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes	Common raccoon dog (N. procyonoides) Japanese raccoon dog (N. viverrinus)
Otocyon	Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos	Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon	Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus) Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes (Foxes)	Bengal fox (V. bengalensis) Blanford's fox (V. cana) Cape fox (V. chama) Corsac fox (V. corsac) Tibetan fox (V. ferrilata) Arctic fox (V. lagopus) Kit fox (V. macrotis) Pale fox (V. pallida) Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli) Swift fox (V. velox) Red fox (V. vulpes) Fennec fox (V. zerda)

Family Mustelidae

Helictidinae
(Ferret-badgers)

Melogale	Vietnam ferret-badger (M. cucphuongensis) Bornean ferret badger (M. everetti) Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata) Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis) Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata) Formosan ferret-badger (M. subaurantiaca)

Guloninae
(Martens and wolverines)

Eira	Tayra (E. barbara)
Gulo	Wolverine (G. gulo)
Martes (Martens)	American marten (M. americana) Pacific marten (M. caurina) Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula) Beech marten (M. foina) Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii) European pine marten (M. martes) Japanese marten (M. melampus) Sable (M. zibellina)
Pekania	Fisher (P. pennanti)

Ictonychinae
(African polecats and grisons)

Galictis	Lesser grison (G. cuja) Greater grison (G. vittata)
Ictonyx	Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca) Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon	Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Poecilogale	African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Vormela	Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)

Lutrinae
(Otters)

Aonyx	African clawless otter (A. capensis) Asian small-clawed otter (A. cinereus) Congo clawless otter (A. congicus)
Enhydra	Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis	Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra	North American river otter (L. canadensis) Marine otter (L. felina) Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis) Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra	Eurasian otter (L. lutra) Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale	Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura	Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)

Melinae
(Eurasian badgers)

Arctonyx	Northern hog badger (A. albogularis) Greater hog badger (A. collaris) Sumatran hog badger (A. hoevenii)
Meles	Japanese badger (M. anakuma) Caucasian badger (M. canescens) Asian badger (M. leucurus) European badger (M. meles)