Parafovea

Parafovea or the parafoveal belt is a region in the retina that circumscribes the fovea and is part of the macula lutea.^[1] It is circumscribed by the perifovea.

Photograph of the retina of the human eye, with overlay diagrams showing the positions and sizes of the macula, fovea, and optic disc

Effect on reading

In reading, information within 1° (approximately 6–8 characters) of the point of fixation is processed in foveal vision, while information up to 6° of visual angle benefits from parafoveal preview.^[2] Studies have shown that people can tell the difference in the letters of a word in the fovea and near-parafovea (the part of the parafovea closest to the fovea), but not in the outer edges of the parafovea.^[3] In languages that read from left to right, the word immediately to the right of the fixated word is known as the parafoveal word.^[3] Information present in the parafovea can interact with information present in the fovea.^[4] The benefit the parafoveal preview has is also mediated by how common the word in the parafovea is, with less common words providing less of a reduction in fixation duration when they reach foveal fixation.^[5] As the clarity of information in the parafovea is not as great as in the fovea, the SWIFT model of eye movements in reading, while allowing for parallel processing, accounts for this difference by assigning the parafoveal less processing power the further away it is from the foveal fixation.^[2]

Effect on scene perception

Information in the parafovea can influence the processing of a scene. In categorization tasks of natural scenes information from the parafovea can be used to determine the gist of a scene well enough for a categorization judgement, though with reduced sensitivity and speed in comparison to foveal vision.^[6] An effect of parafoveal preview has also been found for emotional scenes presented in the parafovea, with people more likely shift their fixation point on emotional stimuli than neutral stimuli, when both options are presented parafoveally.^[7]

Additional images

Schematic diagram of the macula lutea of the retina, showing perifovea, parafovea, fovea, and clinical macula
Time-Domain OCT of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm, axial resolution 3 µm
Spectral-Domain OCT macula cross-section scan.
macula histology (OCT)
A fundus photograph showing the macula as a spot to the left. The optic disc is the area on the right where blood vessels converge. The grey, more diffuse spot in the centre is a shadow artifact.

References

^ Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (6 November 2013). Ophthalmology: Expert Consult: Online and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 421. ISBN 978-1-4557-5001-6.
^ ^a ^b Engbert, Ralf; Longtin, André; Kliegl, Reinhold (2002). "A dynamical model of saccade generation in reading based on spatially distributed lexical processing". Vision Research. 42 (5): 621–636. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00301-7. PMID 11853779.
^ ^a ^b Matthew J. Traxler (14 October 2011). Introduction to Psycholinguistics: Understanding Language Science. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-4443-4457-8.
^ Kennedy, A. (2000). "Parafoveal processing in word recognition". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 53 (A): 429–455. doi:10.1080/027249800390556.
^ Inhoff, Albrecht Werner; Rayner, Keith (1986). "Parafoveal word processing during eye fixations in reading: Effects of word frequency". Perception & Psychophysics. 40 (6): 431–439. doi:10.3758/bf03208203.
^ Thibaut, Miguel; Tran, Thi Ha Chau; Szaffarczyk, Sebastien; Boucart, Muriel (2014). "The contribution of central and peripheral vision in scene categorization: A study on people with central vision loss". Vision Research. 98: 46–53. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.03.004. PMID 24657253.
^ Calvo, Manuel G.; Lang, Peter J. (2005). "Parafoveal Semantic Processing of Emotional Visual Scenes". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 31 (3): 502–519. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.502. PMID 15982128.

Anatomy of the globe of the human eye

Fibrous tunic
(outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork
Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Dua's layer Descemet's Endothelium

Uvea / vascular
tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer
Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana
Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium
Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell, Muller glia
Other	Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata

Anatomical regions
of the eye

Anterior segment	Adnexa (Eyebrow, Eyelid, Conjunctiva, Lacrimal system, Orbit) Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn
Posterior segment	Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid