Peroxydisulfate
Names | |
---|---|
Other names
| |
Identifiers | |
CAS Number |
|
3D model (JSmol) |
|
ChEBI |
|
ChemSpider |
|
PubChem CID |
|
UNII |
|
InChI
| |
| |
Properties | |
Chemical formula | O8S2−2 |
Molar mass | 192.11 g·mol−1 |
Conjugate acid | Peroxydisulfuric acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references |
The peroxydisulfate ion, S
2O2−
8, is an oxyanion, the anion of peroxydisulfuric acid. It is commonly referred to as persulfate, but this term also refers to the peroxomonosulfate ion, SO2−
5. It is also called peroxodisulfate.[2] Approximately 500,000 tons of salts containing this anion are produced annually. Important salts include sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), and ammonium persulfate ((NH4)2S2O8). These salts are colourless, water-soluble solids that are strong oxidants.[3]
Applications
Salts of peroxydisulfate are mainly used to initiate the polymerization of various alkenes, including styrene, acrylonitrile, and fluoroalkenes. Polymerization is initiated by the homolysis of the peroxydisulfate:
- [O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
Moreover, sodium peroxydisulfate can be used for soil and groundwater remediation, water and wastewater treatment, and etching of copper on circuit boards.[4][2]
It has also been used to produce hair lighteners and bleaches, medical drugs, cellophane, rubber, soaps, detergents, adhesive papers, dyes for textiles, and in photography.[2]
In addition to its major commercial applications, peroxydisulfate participates in reactions of interest in the laboratory:
- Elbs persulfate oxidation
- Oxidation of Ag+ to Ag2+, such as the preparation of tetrakis(pyridine)silver(II) peroxydisulfate
Structure
Peroxydisulfate is a centrosymmetric anion. The O-O distance is 1.48 Å. The sulfur centers are tetrahedral.[5]
References
- ^ Ambiguous—see persulfate
- ^ a b c Shafiee, Saiful Arifin; Aarons, Jolyon; Hamzah, Hairul Hisham (2018). "Electroreduction of Peroxodisulfate: A Review of a Complicated Reaction". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 165 (13): H785–H798. doi:10.1149/2.1161811jes. S2CID 106396614.
- ^ Harald Jakob, Stefan Leininger, Thomas Lehmann, Sylvia Jacobi, Sven Gutewort. "Peroxo Compounds, Inorganic". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_177.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wacławek, Stanisław; Lutze, Holger V.; Grübel, Klaudiusz; Padil, Vinod V.T.; Černík, Miroslav; Dionysiou, Dionysios.D. (2017). "Chemistry of persulfates in water and wastewater treatment: A review". Chemical Engineering Journal. 330: 44–62. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.132.
- ^ Allan, David R. (2006). "Sodium Peroxodisulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section E. 62 (3): i44–i46. doi:10.1107/S1600536806004302.
- v
- t
- e
H2SO5 H2S2O8 | He | ||||||||||||||||||||
Li | Be | B | C | (NH4)2S2O8 | O | F | Ne | ||||||||||||||
Na2S2O8 | Mg | Al | Si | P | (SO5)2− (S2O8)2− | Cl | Ar | ||||||||||||||
KHSO5 K2S2O8 | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | ||||
Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | C20H20N4AgS2O8 | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | ||||
Cs | Ba | * | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||
Fr | Ra | ** | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||
* | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | |||||||
** | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No |