Police, West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Place in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland
Poland (2014)
72-009, 72-010, 72-011
Police (Polish: [pɔˈlʲit͡sɛ]; German: Pölitz) is a town in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. It is the capital of Police County and one of the biggest towns of the Szczecin agglomeration.
The town is situated on the Oder River and its estuary, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The centre of Police is situated about 15 kilometres (9 miles) north of the centre of Szczecin.
Etymology
The name of the town comes from Proto-Slavic pole, which means field.[1]
History
The settlement was first mentioned in 1243. Pomeranian duke Barnim of Pomerania granted Magdeburg law to the town in 1260.[2][3] At the end of the 13th century, the town had become a fief of a local dynasty of knights, the Drake family.[4] In 1321, with the death of Otto Drake, the town became a dependency of nearby Stettin (now Szczecin),[4] hindering its growth until the mid-18th century.
Nearby Jasienica Abbey, now within the Police city limits, was secularized during the Protestant Reformation, which was adapted in the Duchy of Pomerania in 1534. After its secularization, the abbey became a ducal domain, and was the site of the treaty that for the first time partitioned the duchy into a western and eastern part (Pomerania-Wolgast and Pomerania-Stettin) in 1569.[5]
From the Treaty of Stettin (1630) until the Treaty of Stockholm (1720), Pölitz was part of Swedish Pomerania, and of Prussian Pomerania thereafter. In 1808, Pölitz became independent from Stettin again. In 1815, Pölitz became part of the restructured Province of Pomerania, administered within Landkreis Randow county. In 1939, this county was dissolved and Pölitz was made part of Groß-Stettin.[6]
German synthetic fuel factory
In 1937, the synthetic fuel plant Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG was founded by IG Farben, Rhenania-Ossag, and Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft[7] which by 1943 was producing 15% of Nazi Germany's synthetic fuels, 577,000 tons.[8] The plant derived its workforce from an adjacent system of camps (Pommernlager, Nordlager, Tobruklager, Wullenwever-Lager, Arbeitserziehungslager Hägerwelle, Dürrfeld Lager) plus a ship moored on the Oder River serving as a camp (Umschulungslager Bremerhaven). In addition, a subcamp of the Stutthof concentration camp was located in Pölitz.
During World War II, the plant made Pölitz a nine-time bombing target of the Allied Oil Campaign from late April 1943 onward, leading to 70% of the town being destroyed.[3][6]
Post–World War II
The city with the plant was captured by the Soviet Union's Red Army during the Battle of Berlin on 26 April 1945. While most of the former German territory east of the Oder-Neisse line became Polish, Pölitz, situated on the western bank of the Oder, remained a Soviet-administered exclave: Marshal Zhukov decreed the establishment of a Soviet county with Pölitz, Ziegenort, Jasenitz, Messenthin and Scholwin.[9] 25,000 German workers had to disassemble the plant before it was sent to the USSR.[9]
Gradually, the area without the plant was given to Poland: Mścięcino on 7 September 1946, and Police with Jasienica on 19 September. On 25 February 1947 the plant also passed to Polish control. As a result, the Soviet Union allowed Polish annexations of German land west of the river Odra, beyond the border as agreed on the Potsdam Conference.[10]
Polish settlers, partially expellees from the east of former Poland, arrived in the region to replace the German population that had fled or were forcibly expelled. They were joined by refugees from Greece and Yugoslav Macedonia in 1953.
The ruins of the plant still remain standing, though they are not secured and are dangerous to visit.
A large chemical plant (Zakłady Chemiczne "Police") was built in the town in 1969 and has grown since to become one of the largest in Poland. It produces mostly titanium dioxide pigments and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
Police was in the Szczecin Voivodeship from 1946 to 1998. Since 1999 the town has been part of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.
Districts
- Police Old Town
- Mścięcino
- Jasienica
- New Town (Nowe Miasto: Osiedle Dąbrówka, Osiedle Gryfitów, Osiedle Księcia Bogusława X, Osiedle Anny Jagiellonki)
Sights
Notable buildings from the pre-WW2 era:
- the ruins of Jasienica Abbey, a former Augustinian abbey in Police-Jasienica (14th century)
- a Gothic Church in Police-Jasienica (14th/18th century)
- a Gothic Chapel (15th century) in The Chrobry Square in The Old Town
- a Neo-Gothic Church (19th century) in Old Town
- the Police Lapidary in The Staromiejski Park in Old Town
- Tenement houses (19th century)
- Town hall (1906) (not rebuilt after WWII)
The tourist and cultural information office is localised in The Gothic Chapel in Bolesław Chrobry Square in The Old Town of Police
Geography and nature
Police is situated on the Oder River and an estuary of the Oder River - Roztoka Odrzańska, south of the Lagoon of Szczecin and the Bay of Pomerania. The centre of Police Town is situated about 15 km (9 mi) north of the centre of Szczecin. Police is at located in the Ueckermünder Heide (Polish: Puszcza Wkrzańska) with the Świdwie Nature Reserve around Lake Świdwie near Tanowo and Dobra.
A kayak route follows the Gunica River from Węgornik through Tanowo, Tatynia and Wieńkowo to Police-Jasienica. At the Szczecin Lagoon is a small yacht marina on the mouth of the Łarpia River (part of Oder) - 'Olimpia'. The ruins of the synthetic petrol plant (Hydrierwerke Pölitz – Aktiengeselschaft) are now a habitat of bats (Barbastelle, Greater mouse-eared bat, Daubenton's Bat, Natterer's bat, Brown long-eared bat).
Population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1740 | 1,000 | — |
| 1816 | 1,313 | +31.3% |
| 1850 | 2,500 | +90.4% |
| 1871 | 3,871 | +54.8% |
| 1880 | 4,146 | +7.1% |
| 1890 | 4,009 | −3.3% |
| 1900 | 4,415 | +10.1% |
| 1910 | 4,149 | −6.0% |
| 1925 | 4,963 | +19.6% |
| 1939 | 6,323 | +27.4% |
| 1960 | 8,894 | +40.7% |
| 1970 | 12,800 | +43.9% |
| 1980 | 24,800 | +93.8% |
| 1990 | 34,400 | +38.7% |
| 2000 | 35,000 | +1.7% |
| 2010 | 33,951 | −3.0% |
| Source: [11][3][12][13] | ||
Infrastructure
Major roads under state control connect Police to Trzebież and Nowe Warpno, No. 114; to Tanowo, No. 114; and to Szczecin over Przęsocin.
Main streets in Police include: ul. Tanowska, ul. Bankowa, ul. Grunwaldzka, ul. Kościuszki, ul. Jasienicka, ul. Dworcowa, ul. Piastów, ul. Wojska Polskiego, ul. Asfaltowa, ul. Cisowa, ul. Piłsudskiego, and ul. Wyszyńskiego.
- Railway:
- Airport in Goleniów, a town behind the Oder River (Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport)
- Public transport:
- 10 bus lines in a town. Bus communication between all districts of a town, a few villages near Police (Trzeszczyn, Tanowo, Siedlice, Leśno Górne, Pilchowo, Przęsocin, LS to Trzebież over Dębostrów, Niekłończyca and Uniemyśl) and Szczecin City.
- Taxicab
Culture and sport
- Chemik Police - football club
- KPS Chemik Police - female volleyball club
- Łarpia Sail Festival - shanty music festival - in May, periodic
- Augustinian Fair (Polish: Jarmark Augustiański) in Jasienica - at the end of August, periodic
- Police Nationwide Quarter-Marathon (Ćwierćmaraton Policki) - in October, periodic
- Police Music Days (Polish: Polickie Dni Muzyki "Cecyliada") - in October, periodic
Hospital
A clinic hospital in Police (Siedlecka Street, The New Town, Osiedle Gryfitów) is a part of The Pomeranian Medical University.
Notable residents
- Ludwig Hollonius (1570s-1621), pastor and playwright
- Hans Modrow (1928–2023), former premier of East Germany
Major corporations
- Zakłady Chemiczne Police SA
- Port of Police (The Seaport, The Barge Port, The 'Mijanka' cargo berth)
- Industrial Park - Policki Park Przemysłowy (Infrapark Police)
Twinning cities
The sister cities of Police are:[14]
Pasewalk, Germany
Novyi Rozdil, Ukraine
Slagelse, Denmark [15]
Towns near Police
- Szczecin, Poland
- Nowe Warpno, Poland
- Goleniów, Poland
- Eggesin, Germany
- Ueckermünde, Germany
- Pasewalk, Germany
See also
- Villages in Police County: Przęsocin, Kołbaskowo, Trzebież
- Szczecin Lagoon
- Wkrzanska Forest
References
- Notes
- ^ Kazimierz Rymut, Nazwy miast Polski (Names of towns of Poland), Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1980, pg. 189
- ^ Rudolf Benl, Die Gestaltung der Bodenrechtsverhältnisse in Pommern vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert, Böhlau, 1986, p.240, ISBN 3-412-01586-5: "Die deutsche Stadt Pölitz war 1260 von Barnim I. gegründet..."
- ^ a b c Thomas Gallien, Reno Stutz, Geschichtswerkstatt Rostock, Landesheimatverband Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Landeskundlich-historisches Lexikon Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Hinstorff, 2007, p.503
- ^ a b Peter Johanek et al.: Städtebuch Hinterpommern Ausg. 2-3, Kohlhammer Verlag, 2003, p.268, ISBN 3-17-018152-1
- ^ Dietmar Willoweit, Hans Lemberg, Reiche und Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa: historische Beziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitimation, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006, p.96, ISBN 3-486-57839-1
- ^ a b Johannes Hinz, Pommern Lexikon, Kraft, 1994, p.236, ISBN 3-8083-1164-9
- ^ Rainer Karlsch, Raymond G. Stokes, Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974, C. H. Beck, 2003, pp.193ff, ISBN 3-406-50276-8
- ^ Rainer Karlsch, Raymond G. Stokes, Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974, C.H.Beck, 2003, p.196, ISBN 3-406-50276-8
- ^ a b Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.380, ISBN 978-83-906184-8-7
- ^ Michael A. Hartenstein (1997). Die Oder-Neisse-Linie: Geschichte der Aufrichtung und Anerkennung einer problematischen Grenze. Hänsel-Hohenhausen. p. 100.
- ^ Dokumentacja Geograficzna (in Polish). Vol. 3/4. Warszawa: Instytut Geografii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. 1967. p. 39.
- ^ Rocznik Statystyczny 1981, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1981, Rok XLI
- ^ Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym w 2010 r. (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2011. p. 109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2011.
- ^ "Miasta partnerskie" (in Polish). bip.police.pl. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
- ^ http://www.slagelse.dk/media/8605243/nordiske-venskabsbyer.pdf [bare URL PDF]
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Police.
- Official town webpage
- History of Police
- The Factory: Zakłady Chemiczne "Police"
- Police Harbour
- Police on www.city-map.pl
- Jasienica VR360
- v
- t
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