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Prince Creek Formation

Prince Creek Formation
Stratigraphic range: Latest Campanian
~73 ma
General location of the Prince Creek Formation, in red
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofColville Group
Sub-unitsKikak-Tegoseak Quarry, Kogosukruk Tongue, Ocean Point, Coleville River Bluff
UnderliesSagavanirktok Formation
OverliesSchrader Bluff Formation
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone[1]
Othersiltstone, carbonaceous shale, ash-fall[1]
Location
Coordinates70°00′N 151°30′W / 70.0°N 151.5°W / 70.0; -151.5
Approximate paleocoordinates80°N 115°W / 80°N 115°W / 80; -115
RegionAlaska
CountryUnited States

The Prince Creek Formation is a geological formation in Alaska with strata dating to the Late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[2]

Age

[edit]

The PCF ranges from Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Paleogene in age. Due to a slight structural dip, the unit becomes progressively younger downriver (northward). Biostratigraphic analyses from the upper, vertebrate-bearing portion of the unit near Ocean Point indicate a temporal range from as old as late Campanian to as young as late Maastrichtian. Although previous radiometric dating suggested an early Maastrichtian age, more recent work indicates the fossiliferous beds near Ocean Point to be late Campanian in age (Druckenmiller et al. 2023).[3]

Habitat

[edit]
Hadrosaurids of the Liscomb Bonebed in their habitat

During the time when the Prince Creek Formation was deposited, Earth was going through a global cooling phase.[4] The Prince Creek Formation depositional environment includes tidally influenced meandering rivers, anastomosed distributary channels, crevasse splays, levees, lakes, ponds, and mires.[5] Large amounts of plants material are represented by peridonoid dinocysts, algae, fungal hyphae, fern and moss spores, projectates, Wodehouseia edmontonicola, bisaccate pollen, taxodiaceous pollen, and pollen from trees, shrubs, and herbs. Preserved woody trunks show trees did not exceed 20cm in diameter and canopy heights were estimated to have been around 5-6 meters tall. Frequent false rings observed in the dendrochronology of the stumps were deduced to have been caused by sudden drops in temperature during the growing season to between 6–10 °C (43–50 °F) suggestive of more sub-arctic summer conditions. These trees were compared to the modern Picea mariana which is common throughout the modern North American Taiga. Another similarity to modern boreal forests is the presence of charcoal indicating frequent forest fires in the depositional environment.[6] Emerging methodologies using oxygen-18 isotope values from fossil vertebrate remains to estimate average meteoric water temperature have yielded highly accurate results. When applied to the Prince Creek Formation it estimated a mean annual temperature around 0 °C (32 °F).[7] Mean annual precipitation was around 1,300 millimetres (51 in).[8] The paleolatitude of the formation at the time of deposition was around 80°N, high in the Arctic Circle, and would have likely experienced 120 days of winter darkness.[9][10]

Vertebrate paleofauna

[edit]

Dinosaurs

[edit]

Theropods

[edit]

Indeterminate tyrannosaurid remains are present, mostly in the form of teeth. The teeth are from the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry, Liscomb Quarry, and Byers Bed, totaling 8 teeth.[11] Fossils of crown or near-crown birds as well as members of Hesperornithes and Ichthyornithes have been reported in 2025, providing the oldest evidence of birds nesting at polar latitudes reported to date.[12]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Theropods of the Prince Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images

Dromaeosaurus[11][13]

D. cf albertensis[11][13]

Liscomb Quarry[11]

Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry[11]

Byers Bed[11]

Fossilized teeth[11]

A dromaeosaur.

Ornithomimosauria indet.[14] Indeterminate[14] Old Bone Beach Distal metatarsal IV Possibly an ornithomimid.

Saurornitholestinae indet.[15]

Indeterminate

Pediomys Point - Liscomb Quarry[15]

Small dentary tip from a juvenile.[15]

A new species of dromaeosaurid closely related to Saurornitholestes.[15]

Nanuqsaurus[16]

N. hoglundi[16]

Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry[16]

One partial skull including a bone near the front of the maxilla and the front of the lower jaw.[16]

Nanuqsaurus is a tyrannosaurid closely related to Lythronax, Tyrannosaurus, and Tarbosaurus.[16]

Saurornitholestes[11][13]

S. cf. langstoni[11][13]

Old Bone Beach[11]

Teeth[11]

A dromaeosaur.

Troodon[16]

T. sp[16]

Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry[16]

Liscomb Quarry[11]

Byers Bed[11]

Magical Mystery Bar[17]

Dental remains,[16] including teeth.[11] Braincases have also been found.[17]

Remains of T. sp. are approximately 50% larger than specimens from Alberta and Montana.[16] Remains were previously assigned to T. formosus.[13] The most abundant theropod.[17] As of 2011, a dubious genus.[18]

Ornithischians

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Ornithischians of the Prince Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images

Alaskacephale[19]

A. gangloffi[19]

Kogosukruk Tongue[20]

A squamosal, and the back of the dome.[21]

The first pachycephalosaurine from Alaska discovered.[21]

Pachyrhinosaurus[22][23]

P. perotorum[22][23]

Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry[22]

An abundance of skeletal remains,[22] including an immature juvenile.[23]

The youngest of the Pachyrhinosaurus species, found in one of the highest latitudes of centrosaurine discoveries.[22] A discovery in the Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry was identified in 2013 as a juvenile of Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum. This discovery shows that the crest started to develop in the front of the snout, then extending farther back until it reaches the eye.[23]

Thescelosaurinae indet.[24]

Indeterminate

Teeth[24]

Remains previously attributed to Thescelosaurus.[24]

Leptoceratopsidae[9] Indeterminate Remains of adult and juvenile individuals[9]

Edmontosaurus[25]

E. cf. regalis[26]

Liscomb Bonebed[25]
Kikak-Tegoseak Quarry[22]

Disassociated parts from multiple juveniles

Originally identified as a distinct genus (Ugrunaaluk), recent studies have found it ontogenetically indistinguishable from Edmontosaurus.[25][26]

Lambeosaurinae indet.[27] Indeterminate Liscomb Bonebed A supraoccipital The first confirmed lambeosaurine in the Prince Creek Formation.

Ornithopoda indet.[24]

Indeterminate[24]

One tooth[24]

A single "hypsilophodontid" cheek tooth not attributable to Parksosaurus or Thescelosaurus.[24]

Mammals

[edit]
Mammals of the Prince Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Cimolodon[28] C. cf. nitidus Lower Maastrichtian Isolated teeth A small multituberculate.
Gypsonictops[28] G. sp. Lower Maastrichtian Isolated teeth A small eutherian.
Multituberculata indet.[28] Indeterminate Lower Maastrichtian Isolated teeth
Marsupialia indet.[28] Indeterminate Lower Maastrichtian Most common in the Prince Creek Formation
Sikuomys[29] S. mikros Lower Colville River. Upper Campanian A tiny eutherian.
Unnuakomys[30] U. hutchisoni Pediomys Point Lower Maastrichtian Over 60 specimens A small metatherian.

Cartilaginous fish

[edit]
Cartilaginous fishes of the Prince Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Squatina S. sp. An angelshark.[31]

Ray-finned fish

[edit]
Ray-finned fishes of the Prince Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Acipenseridae indet. A sturgeon.[31]
Archaeosiilik[31] A. gilmulli A esocid salmoniform
?Beryciformes indet. Acanthomorph remains reminiscent of beryciforms.[31]
Cypriniformes indet.[31] A cypriniform, the oldest record of this order.[31]
Horseshoeichthys H. armaserratus An armigatid ellimmichthyiform.[31]
Neopterygii indet. A potential basal neopterygian, known from a scale similar to Belonostomus.[31]
Nunikuluk[31] N. gracilis A esocid salmoniform
Oldmanesox O. canadensis An esocid salmoniform.[31]
Polyodontidae indet. A paddlefish, potentially represented by two distinct forms.[31]
Sivulliusalmo[31] S. alaskensis A salmonid salmoniform, the oldest record of this family.

Plants

[edit]

A Reinvestigation of the Parataxodium-type flora has revealed the assemblage was far more diverse than previously thought. However, this sedimentary block’s stratigraphic origins are uncertain. No other in situ limestone blocks comparable to the Parataxodium-type flora have been located along the Colville River. Rivers upstream from the point of discovery cut through Upper Cretaceous deposits that range in age from Late Albian to Cenomanian. The diversity of flora present is more consistent with the Tuluvak Formation, which is dated to the Turonian-Coniacian.[32]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Plants of the Prince Creek Formation[33]
Genus Species Location Abundance Notes Images

Parataxodium[20]

P. wigginsii[20]

Kogosukruk Tongue?[20]

Previously thought to represent a single taxon, now shown to have included many distinct conifer morphotypes.[20][32]

Oncophoraceae indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] A Dicranalean moss.[32]
Osmundastrum[32] O. cinnamomeum[32] Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Ginkgo[32] G. adiantoides[32] Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Pityophyllum[32] P. nordenskioldii[32] Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] Pinaceous needles.[32]
Sequioideae indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] Previously included in Parataxodium.[32]
Taiwanioideae indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] Previously included in Parataxodium.[32]
Cryptomerioideae indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] Previously included in Parataxodium.[32]
Athrotaxoideae indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32] Previously included in Parataxodium.[32]
Archeampelos[32] A. sp. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Cf. Cercidiphyllum cf. C. sp. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Dicotyledon indet. Morphotype 2 Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Morphotype 3 Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Morphotype 4 Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]
Monocotyledon indet. Kogosukruk Tongue?[32]

Hollickia[20]

H. quercifolia[20]

Kogosukruk Tongue?[20]

Leaves[20]

An angiosperm, known from leaves.[20]

Quereuxia[20]

Q. angulata[20]

Kogosukruk Tongue?[20]

An aquatic angiosperm.[20]

Equisetites[20]

E. sp.[20]

Kogosukruk Tongue?[20]

A sphenophyte.[20]

Pulcheripollenites

P. krempii

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

cf. Proteacidites

cf. P. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

cf. Polycingulatisporites

cf. P. reduncus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Podocarpidites

P. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Ovoidites

O.? sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

O. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

O. parvus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

O. arcticus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Osmundacidites

O. wellmanii

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Common in the Early Maastrichtian. Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Mantonisporites

M. sp. indet.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Mancicorpus

M. pseudosenonicus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Lycopodiacidites

L. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Lunatadinium

L. dissolutum

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Indeterminate

Coleville River Bluff

Septate fungal hypha.

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Leosphaeridia

L."stellata"

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Common in the Early Maastrichtian. Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Lairidordites

L. magnus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Laegivatosporites

L. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Indeterminate remains are abundant in the Early Maastrichtian and still numerous in the Late Maastrichtian. Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

L. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Kurtzipites

K. trispissatus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Integricorpus

I. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Ischyosporites

I. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Inundatisporis

I. tappaniae

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Impardecispora

I. marylandensis

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Hannisporis

H. scollardensis

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

H. amplus

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Gleicheniidites

G. senonicus

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Foveosporites

F sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Foraminisporis

F. undulosus

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Fibulapollis

F. scabratus

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Expressipollis

cf. E. accuratus

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Erdtmannipollis

E. procumbentformis

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Dictyophyllidites

D. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Deltoidospora

D. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Preserved pollen samples

Very abundant in the early Maastrichtian and Indeterminate level of the formation, becoming rarer until the Middle/Late Maastrichtian. Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Cycadopites

C. fragilis

Coleville River Bluff

Samples of distinct pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Crassispora?

cf. C. apisulacea

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen samples

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

cf. Converrucosisporites

cf. C. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Specimens of preserved pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Clavatisporites

C. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Preserved pollen samples

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Circulodinium

C. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen samples

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Cingutriletes

cf. C. congruens

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Cingulizonates

C. bialatus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen samples

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Cicatricosisporites

C. sp. 1

Coleville River Bluff

Distinct pollen remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

C. sp. 2

Coleville River Bluff

Preserved pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

cf. C. dorogensis

Coleville River Bluff

Fossilized pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Cibotiumspora

C. sp.

Coleville Bluff Formation

Pollen spores

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Camarozonosporites

C. ambigens

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen specimens

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Botryococcus

B. braunii

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Indeterminate

Coleville River Bluff

Bissacate gymnosperm pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Balmeisporites

B. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen spore remains

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Azonia

cf. A. cribrata

Coleville River Bluff

Carbonized pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Aquilapollenites

A. trialatus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

A. sp. 2

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

A. sp. 3

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

cf. A. dentatus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

A. amygdaloides

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Numerous in the Late Campanian, becoming abundant in the Maastrichtian. Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Annulispora

A. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Anacololsidites

A. sp. 1

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

A. sp. 2

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Alete

A. clavate

Coleville River Formation

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Aequitriradites

cf. A. spinulosus

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

Aequitriradite

A. sp.

Coleville River Bluff

Pollen

Also found in the Schrader Bluff Formation.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Flaig, P.P.; McCarthy, P.J.; Fiorillo, A.R. (2013). "Anatomy, Evolution, and Paleoenvironmental Interpretation of an Ancient Arctic Coastal Plain: Integrated Paleopedology and Palynology from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation, North Slope, Alaska, USA". In Driese, S.G.; Nordt, L.C. (eds.). New Frontiers in Paleopedology and Terrestrial Paleoclimatology: Paleosols and Soil Surface Analog Systems. Vol. 104. pp. 179–230. doi:10.2110/sepmsp.104.14. ISBN 9781565763227. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  3. ^ Brinkman, D. B.; López, J. A.; Erickson, G. M.; Eberle, J. J.; Muñoz, X.; Wilson, L. N.; Perry, Z. R.; Murray, A. M.; Van Loon, L.; Banerjee, N. R.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2025). "Fishes from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation, North Slope of Alaska, and their palaeobiogeographical significance". Papers in Palaeontology. 11 (3). e70014. doi:10.1002/spp2.70014.
  4. ^ Linnert, C.; A. Robinson, S.; A. Lees, J.; Pérez-Rodríguez, I.; C. Jenkyns, H.; Rose Petrizzo, M.; A. Arz, J.; R. Bown, P.; Falzoni, F. (2017-06-07). "Did Late Cretaceous cooling trigger the Campanian–Maastrichtian Boundary Event?". Newsletters on Stratigraphy. ISSN 0078-0421.
  5. ^ "Depositional environments of the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) dinosaur-bearing Prince Creek Formation: Colville River region, North Slope, Alaska - ProQuest". www.proquest.com. Retrieved 2025-06-11.
  6. ^ Spicer, Robert I.; Herman, Alexei B.; Amiot, Romain; Spicer, Teresa E. V. (2016). "Environmental adaptations and constraints on latest Cretaceous Arctic dinosaurs". Global Geology. 19 (4): 241–254. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9736.2016.04.05.
  7. ^ Amiot, Romain; Lécuyer, Christophe; Buffetaut, Eric; Fluteau, Frédéric; Legendre, Serge; Martineau, François (2004-09-30). "Latitudinal temperature gradient during the Cretaceous Upper Campanian–Middle Maastrichtian: δ18O record of continental vertebrates". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 226 (1): 255–272. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.07.015. ISSN 0012-821X.
  8. ^ Salazar-Jaramillo, Susana; McCarthy, Paul J.; Ochoa, Andrés; Fowell, Sarah J.; Longstaffe, Fred J. (2019-10-15). "Paleoclimate reconstruction of the Prince Creek Formation, Arctic Alaska, during Maastrichtian global warming". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 532: 109265. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109265. ISSN 0031-0182.
  9. ^ a b c Druckenmiller, Patrick S.; Erickson, Gregory M.; Brinkman, Donald; Brown, Caleb M.; Eberle, Jaelyn J. (June 2021). "Nesting at extreme polar latitudes by non-avian dinosaurs". Current Biology. 31 (16): 3469–3478.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E3469D. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.041. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34171301.
  10. ^ Clennett, Edward J.; Sigloch, Karin; Mihalynuk, Mitchell G.; Seton, Maria; Henderson, Martha A.; Hosseini, Kasra; Mohammadzaheri, Afsaneh; Johnston, Stephen T.; Müller, R. Dietmar (2020). "A Quantitative Tomotectonic Plate Reconstruction of Western North America and the Eastern Pacific Basin". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 21 (8): e2020GC009117. doi:10.1029/2020GC009117. ISSN 1525-2027.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fiorillo, A.R.; Gangloff, R.A. (2000). "Theropod Teeth from the Prince Creek Formation (Cretaceous) of Northern Alaska, with Speculations on Arctic Dinosaur Paleoecology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (4): 675–682. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0675:ttftpc]2.0.co;2. S2CID 130766946.
  12. ^ Wilson, L. N.; Ksepka, D. T.; Wilson, J. P.; Gardner, J. D.; Erickson, G. M.; Brinkman, D.; Brown, C. M.; Eberle, J. J.; Organ, C. L.; Druckenmiller, P. S. (2025). "Arctic bird nesting traces back to the Cretaceous". Science. 388 (6750): 974–978. doi:10.1126/science.adt5189. PMID 40440391.
  13. ^ a b c d e "3.33 Alaska, United States; 3. Prince Creek Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 587.
  14. ^ a b Watanabe, Akinobu; Erickson, Gregory M.; Druckenmiller, Patrick S. (2013-09-01). "An ornithomimosaurian from the Upper Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation of Alaska". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1169–1175. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1169W. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.770750. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130049294.
  15. ^ a b c d Chiarenza, A. A.; Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S.; McCarthy, P. J.; Flaig, P. P.; Contreras, D. L. (2020). "The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0235078. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1535078C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235078. PMC 7343144. PMID 32639990.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Fiorillo, A. R.; Tykoski, R. S. (2014). Dodson, Peter (ed.). "A Diminutive New Tyrannosaur from the Top of the World". PLoS ONE. 9 (3): e91287. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...991287F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091287. PMC 3951350. PMID 24621577.
  17. ^ a b c Fiorillo, A.R.; Tykoski, R.S.; Currie, P.J.; Mccarthy, P.J.; Flaig, P. (2009). "Description of two partial Troodon braincases from the Prince Creek Formation (Upper Cretaceous), North Slope Alaska". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 178–187. Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..178F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010370. S2CID 197535475.
  18. ^ Zanno, Lindsay E.; Varricchio, David J.; O'Connor, Patrick M.; Titus, Alan L.; Knell, Michael J. (2011-09-19). "A New Troodontid Theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24487. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...624487Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024487. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3176273. PMID 21949721.
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Bibliography

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