Rafael Zaldívar

Rafael Zaldívar
President of El Salvador
In office 1 May 1876 – 21 June 1885
Preceded by	Andrés del Valle
Succeeded by	José Rosales Herrador
Personal details
Born	1834 San Alejo, Federal Republic of Central America
Died	2 March 1903(1903-03-02) (aged 68–69) Paris, France
Nationality	Salvadoran
Political party	Liberal
Occupation	Politician, diplomat

Rafael Zaldívar (1834 – 2 March 1903) was President of El Salvador from 1 May 1876 until 21 June 1885,^[1][2] and later a diplomat.

Zaldívar studied medicine in Europe and began his career as a physician. In 1860 he was appointed to the Chair of Philosophy and Hygiene at the University of Guatemala. After leaving this post, Zaldívar entered politics and was elected to the House of Representatives, then to the Senate, and finally elected president in 1876.^[2]

It was under his administration that liberal reforms abolished the existence of collectively owned ejidos and tierras comunales throughout the country. He also remains a key figure in what later became known as the "Coffee Revolution." It was Rafael Zaldívar who introduced reforms that paved the way for cultivation on large scale. Under the Zaldívar administration, virgin land was turned into farmlands. This was done by allowing for the sale of Indigenous lands. Resistance resulted from Indigenous Salvadorans, but it was quelled by the Zaldívar government, mostly by creating and then deploying a rural police force.^[3]

President Zaldívar was not in favour of the proposed rebirth of the Unified Central Republic agreed to by his predecessors and decided to withdraw from the Union. He was later overthrown in a military coup and succeeded by General Francisco Menéndez. He was appointed as his country's Envoy Extraordnairy and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom in early 1900,^[4] and later held the same position to France. He died in Paris in 1903 while serving as his country's minister to France.^[2]

References

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Heads of state of El Salvador

Post-independence (1821–1823)

• Barriere
• Delgado
• Filísola
• Codallos
• Consultive Junta^‡
• Prado^†

Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)

• J. Rodríguez
• Prado
• J. V. Villacorta
• Prado
• Cornejo
• J. D. Villacorta
• Cornejo
• Morazán^†
• J. San Martín
• Prado
• J. San Martín
• C. Salazar^†
• G. Salazar^†
• Escolán^†
• Silva
• Espinoza
• F. Gómez
• Vigil
• T. Menéndez
• Vigil
• T. Menéndez
• Cañas^†
• Morazán
• Silva^†
• Cañas^†
• Ramírez^†
• Lindo^†

Republic of El Salvador (1841–1931)

• Lindo^†
• Arce^†
• Marín^†
• J. J. Guzmán
• D. Villacorta^†
• Marín^†
• J. J. Guzmán
• C. Molina^†
• Arce^†
• C. Molina^†
• Arce^†
• Palacios^†
• Malespín
• Palacios^†
• J. E. Guzmán
• Palacios^†
• Aguilar
• Palacios^†
• Aguilar
• Medina^†
• Quirós^†
• Vasconcelos
• R. Rodríguez^†
• Vasconcelos
• Dueñas^†
• Quirós^†
• Dueñas
• J. M. San Martín^†
• Dueñas
• V. Gómez^†
• J. M. San Martín
• Dueñas^†
• Campo
• Dueñas^†
• Campo
• Zepeda^†
• Santín
• Barrios^†
• Santín
• J. E. Guzmán^†
• Peralta^†
• Barrios
• Dueñas
• González
• Méndez^†
• González
• del Valle
• Zaldívar
• Guirola^†
• Zaldívar
• Figueroa^†
• Rosales^†
• F. Menéndez
• C. Ezeta
• A. Ezeta^†
• Gutiérrez
• Regalado
• Escalón
• Figueroa
• M. Araujo
• C. Meléndez^†
• Quiñónez^†
• C. Meléndez
• Quiñónez^†
• J. Meléndez
• Quiñónez
• P. Romero
• A. Araujo

Military presidents (1931–1979)

• Civic Directory^‡
• Hernández Martínez^†
• A. Menéndez^†
• Hernández Martínez
• A. Menéndez^†
• Aguirre^†
• Castaneda
• Revolutionary Council of Government^‡
• Osorio
• Lemus
• Junta of Government^‡
• Civic-Military Directory^‡
• Cordón^†
• Rivera
• F. Sánchez
• A. Molina
• C. Romero

Salvadoran Civil War (1979–1992)

• Revolutionary Government Junta^‡
• Magaña
• Duarte
• Cristiani

Post-Civil War (since 1992)

• Cristiani
• Calderón
• Flores
• Saca
• Funes
• S. Sánchez
• Bukele
• C. Rodríguez^†

• ^† – Acting or provisional president
• ^‡ – Military junta

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