Rishama
Chief priest in Mandaeism
A rishama (rišama; riš-ama) or rishema (Classical Mandaic: ࡓࡉࡔࡀࡌࡀ, lit. ''head/leader of the people''; Modern Mandaic: rišammā;[1] Arabic: ريشما; Persian: ریشا اد اما) is a religious patriarch in Mandaeism.[2] It is the highest rank out of all the Mandaean clergical ranks.[3] The next ranks are the ganzibra and tarmida priests (see Mandaean priest).
In Iraq, the current rishama is Sattar Jabbar Hilo,[4][5][6] while the current rishama in Iran is Najah Choheili.[7][8] In Australia, the Rishama and head of the Mandaean community is Salah Choheili.[9]
Etymology
The Mandaic term rišama is derived from the words riš 'head' and ama 'people'. Although the term for the Mandaean daily minor ablution is also spelled the same in written Classical Mandaic (rišama), the word for 'minor ablution' is pronounced in Modern Mandaic as rešāmā, while 'head priest' is pronounced rišammā.[1]
Notable rishama or patriarchs
Pre-20th century
- Zazai d-Gawazta bar Hawa, patriarch datable to around the year 270 CE and earliest known copyist of Alma Rišaia Zuṭa, Qolasta, The Thousand and Twelve Questions, The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa, Scroll of Exalted Kingship, and The Wedding of the Great Šišlam. The Ginza Rabba, however, predates Zazai's time.[10]: 157 [11]
- Anush bar Danqa, the leader of the Mandaeans, who appeared before Muslim authorities at the beginning of the Muslim conquest of Persia
- Yahya Bihram, who revived the entire Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s
- Ram Zihrun, who revived the Mandaean priesthood during the 1830s together with his younger cousin Yahya Bihram
20th century
- Dakhil Aidan, patriarch from 1917 to 1964 in Iraq
- Abdullah bar Negm (d. 2009; son of Negm bar Zahroon), patriarch in Baghdad who later emigrated to the United Kingdom
- Jabbar Choheili (d. 2014), rishama in Iran
21st century
- Sattar Jabbar Hilo, the current Mandaean patriarch in Iraq
- Najah Choheili, the current Mandaean patriarch in Iran
- Salah Choheili, the current Mandaean patriarch in Australia[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b Häberl, Charles (2022). The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-80085-627-1.
- ^ "His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council". Global Imams Council. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ^ Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012). Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book. Drabsha.
- ^ "Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help". Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker e.V. (GfbV). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ^ "برئاسة الريش امة ستار جبار حلو، كجةجي يلتقي وفد من طائفة الصابئة المندائيين". cese.iq. 2014. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ^ "الريشما ستار جبار حلو رئيس ديانة الصابئة المندائيين". Mandaean Library مكتبة موسوعة العيون المعرفية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ^ "صابئین مندایی خدمت به ایران را باعث افتخار می‌دانند". خبرگزاری خورنا (in Persian). 2019-06-11. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
- ^ "دیدار رهبر صابئین مندایی ایران با سرپرست معاونت سیاسی و اجتماعی استانداری خوزستان". ایسنا (in Persian). 2022-06-07. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
- ^ "Harmony Day - Liverpool signs declaration on cultural and religious harmony". Liverpool City Champion. 25 March 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
- ^ Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people (PDF). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515385-5. OCLC 65198443.
- ^ Gündüz, Şinasi. "The problems of the nature and date of Mandaean sources". Retrieved 21 November 2021.
- ^ "Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1". The Worlds of Mandaean Priests. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2021-11-09.
External links
- The Worlds of Mandaean Priests
