Sanming dialect
Central Min Chinese dialect
| Sanming | |
|---|---|
| 三明事 | |
| Pronunciation | [sɔ̃ ˥˥˧ mã˦˩ ʃia˧] |
| Native to | Southern China |
| Region | Sanming, Fujian |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
Early forms | Proto-Sino-Tibetan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-hbb |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
The Sanming dialect (Central Min: 三明事, Mandarin Chinese: 三明話) is a dialect of Central Min spoken in urban areas of Sanming, a prefecture-level city in Western Fujian Province, China.
Phonology
The Sanming dialect has 18 initials, 37 rimes and 6 tones.
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Stop | Tenuis | p | t | k | |
| Aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||
| Affricate | Tenuis | ts | tʃ | ||
| Aspirated | tsʰ | tʃʰ | |||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | x | ||
| Glide | l | ||||
- Initials /m, ŋ/ may also be heard as prenasal [mb, ŋɡ] in free variation. When the two initials are followed by non-nasalized rimes, they can be heard as voiced plosives [b, ɡ].
- Palato-alveolar sounds /tʃ, tʃʰ, ʃ/ can also be heard as alveolo-palatal sounds [tɕ, tɕʰ, ɕ] in free variation among speakers.
Rimes
| Open syllable | Nasal coda | Nasal vowel coda | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Open mouth | ɹ̩ ɛ ɒ a ɯ ø | aɯ au | am aiŋ m̩ | ã ɔ̃ |
| Even mouth | i iɛ iɒ ia iɯ | iau | iam iaiŋ | iã iɔ̃ ɛ̃ |
| Closed mouth | u uɛ ui o | ŋ̍ | uã | |
| Round mouth | y yi yɛ yo | yaiŋ | yã yɛ̃ | |
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tone name | dark level 陰平 | light level 陽平 | dark rising 陰上 | light rising 陽上 | departing 去聲 | entering 入聲 |
| Tone contour | ˥˥˧ 553 | ˦˩ 41 | ˨˩ 21 | ˨˩˧ 213 | ˧ 33 | ˩˨ 12 |
The entering tones in the Sanming dialect do not have any entering tone coda (入聲韻尾) such as /-ʔ/, /-p̚/, /-t̚/ and /-k̚/. This feature is quite different from many other Chinese dialects.
Notes
References
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- Compilation Commission of Chorography of Sanming City 福建省三明市地方志编纂委员会 (2002). San ming shi zhi 三明市志 ["Chorography of Sanming City"]. Vol. 53. Beijing: Fangzhi chubanshe 方志出版社 ["Chorography Press"]. ISBN 978-7-80122-619-8.
- 吳, 瑞文 (Rui-Wen Wu) (2013). On the Grammatical Functions and Grammaticalization of tʰe5 in the Sanming Dialect [論三明方言tʰe5的語法功能及其語法化]. Language and Linguistics [語言暨語言學].
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