Sebastokrator

Sebastokrator (Medieval Greek: Σεβαστοκράτωρ, romanized: Sevastokrátor, lit. 'August Ruler', Byzantine Greek pronunciation: [sevastoˈkrator]; Bulgarian: севастократор, romanized: sevastokrator; Serbo-Croatian: sebastokrator), was a senior court title in the late Byzantine Empire. It was also used by other rulers whose states bordered the Empire or were within its sphere of influence (Bulgarian Empire, Serbian Empire). The word is a compound of sebastós (lit. 'venerable', the Greek equivalent of the Latin Augustus) and krátōr ('ruler', the same element as is found in autokrator, 'emperor'). The wife of a Sebastokrator was named sebastokratorissa (σεβαστοκρατόρισσα, sevastokratórissa) in Greek, sevastokratitsa (севастократица) in Bulgarian and sebastokratorica in Serbian.

Eastern Roman Empire

The title was created by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) to honour his elder brother Isaac Komnenos.^[1] According to Anna Komnene, Alexios did this to raise Isaac above the rank of Caesar, which he had already promised to his brother-in-law, Nikephoros Melissenos. Anna Komnene compares the rank of sebastokratōr to "a second emperor", and also records that along with the Caesar a sebastokratōr was granted the right to wear a crown (but not the imperial diadem).^[2] During the Komnenian dynasty (1081–1185), the title continued to be the highest below that of Emperor until 1163, when Emperor Manuel I created the title of despotes. During that period, it was given exclusively to members of the imperial family, chiefly younger sons of the emperor.^[1]

After the dismemberment of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the title was adopted in the Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Bulgarian Empire. In Nicaea and the post-1261 restored Byzantine Empire, the title remained one of the highest court dignities, and was almost always restricted to members of the imperial family. The last known holder of the title was Demetrios Kantakouzenos, a ruler in the Peloponnese in the late 14th century.^[1]

According to the sources, the distinctive colour associated with the title was blue: the sebastokratōr′s ceremonial costume included blue stockings and blue boots. In circa 1260, according to George Akropolites, the sebastokratores who were members of the imperial family were distinguished from those who were not by having embroidered golden eagles on their shoes.^[3] By the time of pseudo-Kodinos in the mid-14th century, the insignia associated with the rank were a skiadion hat in red and gold, decorated with gold-wire embroideries, with a veil bearing the wearer's name and pendants identical to those of the despotēs. He wore a red tunic (rouchon) similar to the emperor's, but without the rizai decorations and the insignia of military power. His mantle (tamparion) was no longer known, but the stockings were blue; under John VI Kantakouzenos (r. 1347–1354), however, when the emperor raised his brothers-in-law Manuel and John Asanes to the rank, he permitted them to wear tamparia and stockings like those of the despotēs. The sebastokratōr's shoes and stockings were blue, with gold-embroidered eagles on red background; and his horse tack was also of blue, his saddle blanket featuring furthermore four red-embroidered eagles. His tent was white with blue decorations. The form of the domed skaranikon, on the other hand, for the sebastokratōr was unknown to pseudo-Kodinos.^[4] The sebastokratōr also had the prerogative of signing documents with a special blue ink.^[1]

Bulgaria

Kaloyan inherited the title possibly from his father Aleksandar (d. after 1232), a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria (r. 1189–1196).^[5]

Serbia

This title was also adopted in the court of medieval Serbia, under the Nemanjić dynasty, the Serbian Kings and Emperors (1217–1346; 1346–1371).

List of holders

• Andrea I Muzaka (d. 1319)
• Aleksandar Asen (d. after 1232), Bulgarian prince
• Kaloyan (fl. 1259), Bulgarian magnate, held Sredets (modern Sofia)
• Peter (f. 1253), sebastokrator of Sredets, Bulgaria
• Hrelja (fl. 1330s), semi-independent feudal lord in the region of northeastern Macedonia and Rila mountain, Byzantine magnate
• Dejan (fl. 1346-1356), Serbian magnate, held Žegligovo and Preševo, and the Upper Struma river with Velbužd (modern Kyustendil)
• Alexios III Angelos, Byzantine, named c. 1190
• John Angelos (fl. 1328–1348), Byzantine
• Sabas Asidenos (fl. 1204–1216), Byzantine and Nicaean magnate
• Conon de Béthune (d. 1219), French crusader
• Constantine Doukas of Thessaly, ruler of Thessaly from c. 1289 to 1303.
• John Doukas, Byzantine, named c. 1185
• Stephen Gabrielopoulos, Byzantine, named c. 1320
• John I Doukas of Thessaly (r. 1268–1289), Byzantine
• John II Doukas of Thessaly (r. 1303–1318), Byzantine
• Demetrios I Kantakouzenos, Byzantine, named in 1357
• Andronikos Komnenos (son of John II), named c. 1122
• Isaac Komnenos (brother of Alexios I), Byzantine, named in 1081
• Isaac Komnenos (son of Alexios I), Byzantine, named in 1118
• Isaac Komnenos (son of John II), Byzantine, named c. 1122
• Branko Mladenović (fl. 1331–65), Serbian
• Momchil, brigand in Rhodopes, named in 1344
• Stefan the First-Crowned, Serbian, named c. 1190
• Jovan Oliver, Serbian, under Dušan the Mighty (r. 1331–1355)
• Constantine Palaiologos (half-brother of Michael VIII), Byzantine, named in 1260
• John Palaiologos (brother of Michael VIII), Byzantine, named in 1259
• Vlatko Paskačić, Serbian under the Mrnjavčevići (1366–1395)
• John Petraliphas, Byzantine, late 12th/early 13th century
• Strez (fl. 1207–1214), Bulgarian
• Blasius Matarango (fl. 1358–67), Albanian nobleman, prince of Karavasta region

Gallery

• 
  Donor portrait of the Bulgarian sebastokratōr Kaloyan and his wife Desislava, fresco from the Boyana Church (1259).
• 
  The sebastokratōr Constantine Palaiologos and his wife Eirene. Donor portrait from an early 14th-century monastery typikon.^[6]
• 
  A Byzantine fresco in the Chora Church depicting the sebastokratōr Isaac Komnenos, son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
• 
  The Sevastokrator Jovan Oliver, fresco from the Lesnovo monastery.

References

Sources

• Bakalov, Georgi; Kumanov, Milen (2003). "КАЛОЯН (неизв.-след 1259)". Електронно издание "История на България" (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Trud, Sirma. ISBN 954528613X.
• Ferjančić, Božidar (1968). "Севастократори у Византији" [Sebastocrators in Byzantium]. Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta. XI. Belgrade: Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts: 141–192. ISSN 0584-9888.
• Ferjančić, Božidar (1970). "Севастократори и кесари у Српском царству" [Sebastocrators and Caesares in the Serbian Empire]. Зборник Филозофског факултета. Belgrade: 255–269.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
• Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1.
• Parani, Maria G. (2003). Reconstructing the Reality of Images: Byzantine Material Culture and Religious Iconography (11th to 15th Centuries). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12462-2.
• Verpeaux, Jean, ed. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices (in French). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.