Serbian Party Oathkeepers

Political party in Serbia

The Serbian Party Oathkeepers (Serbian Cyrillic: Српска странка Заветници, romanized: Srpska stranka Zavetnici, abbr. SSZ), commonly known as just Oathkeepers, is a far-right political party in Serbia. Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski has been the party's president since 2021.

Initially known as Serbian Council Oathkeepers, SSZ was formed in 2012 with Stefan Stamenkovski as its first president. SSZ began its actions by organising protests against the recognition of Kosovo, the Brussels Agreement, and Belgrade Pride parades. SSZ entered electoral politics in 2013 and it participated in the 2014 parliamentary election in which it did not win any seats. They later organised protests opposed to the commemoration of Srebrenica massacre and NATO; they also organised a rally in support of convicted war criminal Ratko Mladić. SSZ unsuccessfully sought to win seats in the National Assembly of Serbia and City Assembly of Belgrade up to 2022, when SSZ for the first time gained parliamentary representation. It was in the parliamentary opposition to the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). SSZ lost all of its representation in the 2023 elections, in which it contested as part of the National Gathering. After the elections, it aligned itself with SNS at local level.

SSZ is an ultranationalist party that pursues sovereignist views towards Kosovo and supports the unification of Serbia and Republika Srpska, an entity within Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also socially conservative and supports restricting Serbia's immigration system. SSZ supports labelling non-governmental organisations funded from abroad as "foreign agents". An Eurosceptic and anti-NATO party, it is in favour of forging closer relations with Russia and China. It is also opposed to sanctioning Russia in regards to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. SSZ has closely cooperated with United Russia, the ruling party of Russia, and has also received support from the far-right Alternative for Germany.

History

2012–2014

A photo of Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski during an interview in 2022
Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski was the spokesperson of SSZ until 2021, when she became the president of SSZ

Initially, the organisation was known by names Oathkeepers of Kosovo and Metohija (Zavetnici Kosova i Metohije) and Serbian Council Oathkeepers (Srpski sabor Zavetnici, SSZ).[1][2] SSZ was formed on Presentation of Jesus, 15 February 2012.[3] The association derived its name from Kosovo Myth, a national myth based on legends about the Battle of Kosovo.[3][4] A day after SSZ's formation, Stefan Stamenkovski, its president, gave a speech during a protest that was organised in opposition to the recognition of Kosovo in Prague, Czech Republic, while on 17 February, the organisation was one of the organisers of a protest in Belgrade.[1][2] The protest was organised by SSZ and far-right organisations such as Dveri, Obraz, SNP Naši, and 1389 Movement.[5] Shortly before Hillary Clinton's visit to Belgrade in October 2012, SSZ again organised a protest in opposition to the recognition of Kosovo.[6]

Beginning in April 2013, SSZ organised protests in opposition to the Brussels Agreement, the agreement that normalised relations between Serbia and Kosovo.[7][8] Milica Đurđević, the spokesperson,[9]: 67  one of the co-founders of SSZ and then a student of the University of Belgrade, said in a 2013 interview that SSZ used internet activism to spread their views and claimed that, by the time of the interview, the organisation had several thousand members.[10] SSZ later organised a counter-protest to the Belgrade Pride parade in September 2013.[11][12] Đurđević has said that the pride parades "distracted Serbs from their real social and political problems".[13] During the process of rehabilitation of Draža Mihailović, the leader of Chetniks during the World War II, a group of its members protested in front of the building of the Higher Court in Belgrade in December 2013.[14] In the same month, SSZ contested its first election, the local election in Voždovac, with Dveri.[15]: 6  Đurđević was one of the candidates on the electoral list.[15]: 7  The list did not win any seats in the City Assembly of Voždovac.[16]

SSZ celebrated its two years of existence in the Russian House, Belgrade.[9]: 68  In March 2014 it contested the parliamentary election with Borislav Pelević's Council of Serbian Unity, as part of the Patriotic Front.[3][17][18] Đurđević was the representative of the electoral list.[17] The list did not win any seats in the National Assembly of Serbia.[19] In the same month, SSZ came in support of activist Radomir Počuča, who called for members of the Women in Black organisation to be lynched.[20][21] On Vidovdan (28 June), SSZ members held a public performance in Sarajevo, holding a banner that had "Serbian Princip lives forever" (Srpski Princip zauvek živi) written on it; this caused controversy in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[22] Later in November 2014, SSZ organised a counter-protest to a gathering organised by the Women in Black, who commemorated the end of the Battle of Vukovar.[23][24]

2015–2017

SSZ organised an exhibition in Belgrade in June 2015 named "British genocidal policy" (Britanska genocidna politika) that showed "photographs of United Kingdom's war crimes from the end of the 19th century to the present day" (fotografije ratnih zločina Velike Britanije od kraja 19. veka do današnjih dana).[25] A month later, it organised a counter-protest to the commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre;[26][27] SSZ repeated this in 2017.[28] SSZ denies the Srebrenica massacre.[29] Together with Obraz, it organised an anti-NATO protest in February 2016 which was participated by several thousand demonstrators.[30][31] A month later it again organised a protest against Serbia's cooperation with the NATO Support and Procurement Agency.[32][33] Đurđević described the cooperation between Serbia and NATO as "disrespectful to the Serbian people".[32]

SSZ contested both the parliamentary election and Vojvodina provincial election in April 2016.[34][35] Božidar Zečević, a playwright, was the representative of the list for the parliamentary election while Đurđević was featured second on its electoral list.[36] SSZ campaigned on forging closer relations with Russia while being opposed to cooperation with NATO and the European Union.[37] During the campaign period, SSZ has received the least attention, according to non-governmental organisation CRTA.[38] It won 0.7 percent of the popular vote and no seats in the National Assembly.[39]

In 2017, members of SSZ interrupted a projection of a documentary film, a festival, and a book promotion.[40][41][42] They deemed them as "harmful to the state" (štetnim za državu) and have called the organisers "traitors" (izdajnici).[40] In July 2017, SSZ organised a rally in support of convicted war criminal Ratko Mladić, claiming that "Mladić liberated Srebrenica".[43] Đurđević married Stamenkovski in September 2017.[44]

2018–2020

SSZ took part in the Belgrade City Assembly election in March 2018; it began campaigning in late January.[45][46] It campaigned on building a memorial building for Dragutin Gavrilović, giving Mirijevo the status of a municipality, criticising non-governmental organisations, whom they labelled "foreign mercenaries" (strani plaćenici), and arranging Belgrade's river banks and piers.[46][47][48][49] It won 0.65 percent of the popular vote.[50] Following the election, its members unsuccessfully tried to stop the projection of a movie titled Kosovo... Nazdravlje! Gezuar! (Kosovo... Cheers!).[51][52] Later in May 2018, SSZ organised a counter-protest to the Mirëdita, dobar dan! [sr] (Good Day!) festival with the Serbian Radical Party.[53] Đurđević Stamenkovski has accused the festival organisers of "treating Kosovo as an independent state" (Kosovo tretira kao nezavisna država).[54]

SSZ again organised a counter-protest during the Mirëdita, dobar dan! festival in 2019 and 2020.[55][56] On 14 August 2019, SSZ registered itself as a political party under the name Serbian Party Oathkeepers.[57][58] N1 news channel reported allegations that members of the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) were one of the signatories while SSZ was collecting signatures to become a political party.[59][60][61]: 34  Later in December 2019, it organised a protest in support of the ongoing clerical protests in Montenegro.[62]

Initially, parliamentary elections were to be held in April 2020, however, the election was postponed to June 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[63][64] The Republic Electoral Commission accepted the SSZ electoral list in May 2020.[65][66] Zoran Zečević was featured first on the list, while Đurđević Stamenkovski was featured second.[67] Political scientist Boban Stojanović accused SNS of helping SSZ to collect signatures for its electoral list.[68] SSZ did not cross the 3 percent electoral threshold to gain representation in the National Assembly.[69] After the elections, Đurđević Stamenkovski criticised those who boycotted the election.[70]: 107 

2021–present

Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski, Boško Obradović, and ten other Dveri and SSZ politicians giving a press conference at the Republic Electoral Commission on 4 November 2023
SSZ and Dveri (president Boško Obradović to the right of Đurđević Stamenkovski) formed an unsuccessful joint coalition in October 2023 for the 2023 elections

SSZ signed a cooperation agreement with Vladan Glišić's National Network in February 2021, due to their sharing support for sovereignitism.[71] Beginning in May 2021, inter-party dialogues on electoral conditions without the presence of delegators from the European Union began.[72] SSZ was one of the parties that took part in the dialogues.[73] An agreement between the government and parties that participated in the dialogues was reached in October 2021.[74] In the same month, Đurđević Stamenkovski became the president of SSZ.[‡ 1] While the dialogues were still ongoing, SSZ members interrupted the presentation of Svetislav Basara's book in August 2021, criticising his personal views whom they labelled as "anti-Serbian".[75][76] Later in December 2021, SSZ started campaigning against the proposed changes that were voted in the constitutional referendum in January 2022.[77] A majority of voters that took part in the voting voted in favour of the changes.[78] Following the referendum, SSZ took part in a protest where they demanded the results to be annulled.[79]

SSZ announced its participation in the 2022 general elections in February 2022; Đurđević Stamenkovski was presented as its presidential candidate.[80] It also participated in the Belgrade City Assembly election.[81] During the campaign period, SSZ has stated its opposition to introducing sanctions on Russia while Đurđević Stamenkovski criticised the European Union and NATO.[82][83] In the presidential election, Đurđević Stamenkovski won 4.3 percent of the popular vote while SSZ won 10 seats in the National Assembly.[84][85] Additionally, SSZ gained representation in the City Assembly of Belgrade, with four seats in total.[86] After the elections, SSZ took part in the government negotiations but refused to join the incoming government due to ideological differences, opting to go into the parliamentary opposition.[87]

Two members of the National Assembly and two members of the City Assembly of Belgrade left SSZ in October 2022, criticising Đurđević Stamenkovski and other SSZ members of the National Assembly.[88] SSZ later demanded them to return their mandates.[89] These members joined SNS in February 2023.[90] In March 2023, SSZ was one of the organisers of a protest opposed to the agreement on the path to normalisation between Kosovo and Serbia.[91][92] It has expressed its opposition to the Serbia Against Violence protests, which began after the Belgrade school shooting and Mladenovac and Smederevo shootings in May 2023.[93]

Together with Dveri, SSZ formed a joint councillor group inside the City Assembly of Belgrade in September 2023, while a month later, they formed the National Gathering coalition.[94][95] Miloš Ković, a historian and professor at the Faculty of Philosophy of University of Belgrade, was also one of the initiators; Dveri and SSZ also invited the People's Party (Narodna) and member parties of the National Democratic Alternative to join the coalition.[95] Further talks were held in late October 2023, however, Stefan Stamenkovski, on behalf of SSZ, rejected the proposed document, thus not reaching an agreement on joint participation in the 2023 parliamentary election.[96] In early November 2023, Dragan Nikolić, one of the vice-presidents of SSZ and its member in the National Assembly, left the party and re-joined SNS.[97] The National Gathering coalition also announced Ratko Ristić as their candidate for the 2023 Belgrade City Assembly election.[98] Their electoral lists for the parliamentary and Belgrade City Assembly election lists were accepted on 5 and 13 November respectively.[99][100] On 27 November, their electoral list for the 2023 Vojvodina provincial election was accepted too.[101] SSZ lost all of its representation in the National Assembly and City Assembly of Belgrade, as the National Gathering coalition failed to cross the threshold.[102][103] The National Gathering coalition was dissolved shortly afterwards the election.[104]

Following the 2023 elections, SSZ participated in talks with SNS about joining the People's Movement for the State.[105] On local level, it also aligned itself with SNS in municipalities such as Prokuplje and Pirot.[106][107] In April 2024, it was announced that SSZ would run on a joint list with SNS and Socialist Party of Serbia for the 2024 Belgrade City Assembly election.[108]

Ideology and platform

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Đurđević Stamenkovski said in a 2013 interview that SSZ is in favour of strengthening relations with Russia while being opposed to the accession of Serbia to the European Union.[10] Sonja Biserko, the president of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, has described SSZ as pro-fascistic.[9]: 67  Political scientist Věra Stojarová has described SSZ as a radical ethno-nationalist party due to them declaratively rejecting fascism.[109] The late University of Sarajevo professor Samir Beglerović described SSZ as neo-fascist.[110]

On the political spectrum, SSZ is positioned on the far-right.[111] It has been also described as a radical right party,[70]: 108 [109][112] and a proponent of populist and anti-globalist rhetoric.[112][113] The party views itself as patriotic,[114] however observers have described SSZ as ultranationalist.[115][116][117] Đurđević Stamenkovski has rejected that SSZ promotes hate, instead claiming that non-governmental organisations are "anti-Serbian" due to allegedly "ignoring Serbian victims of Balkan atrocities committed during the [Yugoslav Wars]".[115] SSZ supports introducing a law that would label non-governmental organisations funded from abroad as "foreign agents".[115][116] SSZ has spread misinformation in regards to the origin of the COVID-19 virus.[118]

SSZ is a socially conservative,[119] traditionalist,[70]: 108  and religious conservative party.[120] Regarding social issues, Dušan Spasojević, a professor at the Faculty of Political Sciences of University of Belgrade, has placed SSZ on the far-right.[121] SSZ supports family values,[122] and the introduction of a law like the Russian anti-gay law in Serbia.[9]: 70  In a television interview, Đurđević Stamenkovski has once said "What is the plus in the LGBT+, zoophiles and pedophiles maybe? You will also ask for the rights of pedophiles".[123] In 2022, it opposed the manifestation of the EuroPride event in Belgrade.[124] SSZ is not opposed to making abortions illegal and instead wants to "raise awareness among women" to lower the number of unwanted pregnancies.[125] Đurđević Stamenkovski has, however, falsely claimed that 100,000 abortions are performed every year in Serbia.[126][127] According to the statistics of the Institute for Public Health "Dr Milan Jovanović Batut", only 11,000 abortions were performed in 2022.[126]

Regarding immigration, it supports changing the current immigration system.[128] It is supportive of increased transparency in regards to how many people in migrant centers expressed their desire to stay in Serbia and building a barrier, similar to Hungarian border barrier, in case of a heavy migrant crisis.[128] SSZ has described the migrant centre near Horgoš as "one of the most serious risks for citizens of Serbia" (jedan od najozbiljnijih rizika za građane Srbije).[129]

SSZ is a Eurosceptic party that is in favour of suspending the accession of Serbia to the European Union.[60] It is instead in favour of sovereignist "Europe of Nations" (Evropu nacija) policy.[130] SSZ supports Serbia's membership in BRICS as an alternative to the European Union.[131] It is also opposed to NATO and instead wants to pursue closer ties with Russia,[112][119][132] and China.[130] SSZ is supportive of Vladimir Putin.[133] After the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, SSZ has opposed sanctioning Russia.[82][134] After the death of Russian activist Darya Dugina in September 2022, members of SSZ drew a mural of her in Belgrade.[135]

SSZ pursues a sovereignist policy towards Kosovo, opposing its recognition as an independent country.[60][136] SSZ is also opposed to the 2013 Brussels Agreement and is in favour of repealing it and bringing back the Serbian Army to Kosovo.[130] It has supported the initiative to repopulate Kosovo with Serbs with kibbutz-style settlements.[70]: 110  Together with Dveri, Narodna, and New Democratic Party of Serbia, it signed a joint declaration for the "reintegration of Kosovo into the constitutional and legal order of Serbia" (Deklaraiju za reintegraciju KiM u ustavno-pravni poredak Srbije) in October 2022.[137] SSZ supports the unification of Serbia and Republika Srpska and denies that a genocide had been committed on Bosniaks in Srebrenica.[114][138]

Organisation

SSZ has been led by Đurđević Stamenkovski since 28 October 2021.[57][139][‡ 1] Strahinja Erac serves as the vice-president of the party.[‡ 2] Đurđević Stamenkovski also serves as the president of the party's parliamentary group in the National Assembly.[140] Its headquarters is located at Terazije 38, Stari Grad, Belgrade.[57] SSZ was registered as an association in the Agency of Private Registers in September 2012 with Stefan Stamenkovski as its representative.[141] Since May 2023, the association has been in liquidation.[142]

In a 2017 interview, Đurđević Stamenkovski said that SSZ had 25,000 members.[143] SSZ has used the White Angel and Miloš Obilić on its emblem, while on its coat of arms it has used a shield that dates from the period of the Nemanjić dynasty.[61]: 48 [144]

International cooperation

Members of SSZ, including Đurđević Stamenkovski, met with Sergey Lavrov, the minister of foreign affairs of Russia, in 2016.[115] In the same year, SSZ established connection with United Russia, the ruling party of Russia.[145] A year later, its members met with representatives of United Russia in Moscow.[146][147][148] Since then, SSZ has retained close relations with United Russia.[149] In December 2023, the youth representatives of SSZ met with A Just Russia – For Truth youth representatives.[150]

Đurđević Stamenkovski met with Tino Chrupalla, the co-leader of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) political party, in November 2023; she described AfD as the "leading sovereignist and state-building option in Germany".[151] AfD expressed its support for the SSZ–Dveri coalition and it is also opposed to the recognition of Kosovo.[151] A month later, SSZ and Dveri organised another gathering featuring far-right parties AfD, Hungarian Our Homeland Movement, and Bulgarian Revival.[152]

List of presidents

# President Birth–Death Term start Term end
1 Stefan Stamenkovski 1982– 15 February 2012 28 October 2021
2 Milica Đurđević
Stamenkovski		 A photo of Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski in 2022 1990– 28 October 2021 Incumbent

Electoral performance

Parliamentary elections

National Assembly of Serbia
Year Leader Popular vote % of popular vote # # of seats Seat change Coalition Status Ref.
2012 Stefan Stamenkovski Did not participate
0 / 250
 Steady 0 – Extra-parliamentary –
2014 4,514 0.13% Increase 17th
0 / 250
 Steady 0 Patriotic Front Extra-parliamentary [153]
2016 27,690 0.73% Increase 12th
0 / 250
 Steady 0 – Extra-parliamentary [154]
2020 45,950 1.43% Increase 10th
0 / 250
 Steady 0 – Extra-parliamentary [155]
2022 Milica Đurđević
Stamenkovski 		141,227 3.82% Increase 7th
10 / 250
 Increase 10 – Opposition [156]
2023 105,165 2.83% Increase 6th
0 / 250
 Decrease 10 NO Extra-parliamentary [157]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Presidential elections

President of Serbia
Year Candidate 1st round popular vote % of popular vote 2nd round popular vote % of popular vote Ref.
2012 Did not participate –
2017 Did not participate –
2022 Milica Đurđević Stamenkovski 5th 160,553 4.33% — — — [158]

Belgrade City Assembly elections

City Assembly of Belgrade
Year Leader Popular vote % of popular vote # # of seats Seat change Coalition Status Ref.
2012 Stefan Stamenkovski Did not participate
0 / 110
 Steady 0 – Non-parliamentary –
2014 996 0.12% Increase 18th
0 / 110
 Steady 0 Patriotic Front Non-parliamentary [159]
2018 5,301 0.65% Increase 11th
0 / 110
 Steady 0 – Non-parliamentary [160]
2022 Milica Đurđević
Stamenkovski 		32,029 3.57% Increase 6th
4 / 110
 Increase 4 – Opposition [161]
2023 24,213 2.63% Steady 6th
0 / 110
 Decrease 4 NO Extra-parliamentary [162]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

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  80. ^ "Zavetnici samostalno na izbore, Milica Đurđević kandidat za predsednika" [Oathkeepers independently in the elections, Milica Đurđević as candidate for president]. N1 (in Serbian). 6 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
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  86. ^ "Objavljeni konačni rezultati izbora u Beogradu, SNS-u najviše mandata" [The final results of the elections in Belgrade have been published, SNS has the most mandates]. Radio Free Europe (in Serbian). 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  87. ^ "Zavetnici neće u Vladu, ostaju "državotvorna opozicija"" [The Oathkeepers will not join the government, they will remain the "state-building opposition"]. N1 (in Serbian). 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  88. ^ "Poslanici napustili Zavetnike, ograđuju se od "manipulacija koje narodu servira Đurđević Stamenkovski"" [MPs that left Oathkeepers are distancing themselves from the "manipulations served to the people by Đurđević Stamenkovski"]. NOVA portal (in Serbian). 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  89. ^ "Nikolić: Poslanici koji su odlučili da napuste Zavetnike da vrate mandate" [Nikolić: MPs who decided to leave Oathkeepers to return their mandates]. N1 (in Serbian). 25 October 2022. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  90. ^ "Petoro "Zavetnika" prešlo u SNS, Glišić kaže da im je dosta laži" [Five "Oathkeepers" joined SNS, Glišić says they are fed up with lies]. N1 (in Serbian). 3 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
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  95. ^ a b "Zavetnici i Dveri formirali "Srpski državotvorni blok", pozvali koaliciju NADA i druge stranke da im se pridruže" [Oathkeepers and Dveri formed the "Serbian State-Building Bloc", they invited the NADA coalition and other parties to join them]. Danas (in Serbian). 4 October 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
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  97. ^ ""Vratio se s pozajmice": Poslanik Zavetnika prešao u SNS, obrnuo pun krug" ["He came back from his loan": The Oathkeepers MP switched to the SNS, turning full circle]. N1 (in Serbian). 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  98. ^ "Koalicija "Nacionalno okupljanje" predala listu za beogradske izbore" [The "National Gathering" coalition submitted its list for the Belgrade elections]. N1 (in Serbian). 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
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  100. ^ "GIK Beograd: Proglašene liste "Srbija protiv nasilja", oko Dveri i Zavetnika i lista koalicije Nada" [Belgrade GIK: Proclaimed electoral lists of "Serbia Against Violence", around Dveri and Oathkeepers and the list of coalition NADA]. N1 (in Serbian). 13 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  101. ^ "PIK: Proglašene još dve liste za pokrajinske izbore, ukupno 11" [PIK: Two more lists for the provincial elections have been announced, a total of 11]. N1 (in Serbian). 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
  102. ^ "CeSID i IPSOS obradili 99,8 odsto uzorka: SNS-u 128 mandata, SPN-u 65" [CeSID and IPSOS processed 99.8 percent of the sample: SNS 128 mandates, SPN 65]. N1 (in Serbian). 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
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  105. ^ "Đurđević Stamenkovski: Razgovaramo o mogućem ulasku u Vučićev Pokret za narod i državu" [Đurđević Stamenkovski: We are discussing possible entry into Vučić's Movement for the People and the State]. N1 (in Serbian). 17 February 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
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  107. ^ Filipov, Ljubomir (12 February 2024). ""Ujedinimo Pirot" više nije ujedinjen: Zavetnici deo vlasti, POKS nije" ["United Pirot" is no longer united: Oathkeepers now in the government, while POKS is not]. Južne vesti (in Serbian). Retrieved 14 March 2024.
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  109. ^ a b Stojarová, Věra; Džuverović, Nemanja (2022). Peace and Security in the Western Balkans: A Local Perspective. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000628722. Organisations such as SNP 1389, SNP Naši and Zavetnici declaratively reject fascism and could be labelled as radical ethno-nationalists (radical right)
  110. ^ Beglerović, Samir (2015). "Svijet bez nasilja i ekstremizma: od izraza prema značenju" [A world without violence and extremism: from expression to meaning]. Znakovi vremena - Časopis za filozofiju, religiju, znanost i društvenu praksu (67): 105. ...rađaju se i raspiruju također antihumani, u ovome slučaju neofašistički pokreti, poput onih koji egzistiraju u Srbiji: "Zavetnici"... [anti-human, in this case neo-fascist movements, such as those that exist in Serbia, are born and fueled: "Oathkeepers"]
  111. ^ Far-right:
    • Biserko, Sonja (2014). Ekstremizam: Kako prepoznati društveno zlo [Extremism: How to recognise social evil] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prva u Srbiji. p. 230. ISBN 978-86-7208-198-5.
    • Imamović, Mirza (4 March 2022). "The Radical Right in the Post-fascist Era". Društvene i humanističke studije. 7 (1(18)): 34. doi:10.51558/2490-3647.2022.7.1.15. ISSN 2490-3647. S2CID 247537622. Ekstremno desničarske grupacije se u posljednje vrijeme transformišu u političke partije i na tom putu nemaju prepreke. Primjeri za to jesu političke stranke Srpska desnica, osnovana početkom 2018. godine, i Zavetnici. [Far-right groups have recently been transforming themselves into political parties and they have no obstacles on their way. Examples of this are the political parties Serbian Right, founded at the beginning of 2018, and Oathkeepers.]
    • Rękawek, Kacper (2022). Foreign Fighters in Ukraine: The Brown–Red Cocktail. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000830415. Serbian far-right groups such as Dveri (Doors) or Srpska stranka Zavetnici (Serbian Party Oathkeepers)
    • Dragojlo, Saša (1 March 2022). "Serbian Far-Right Group to Hold Pro-Russia Rally". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
    • Popović, Darko (22 March 2022). "A guide to the 2022 Serbian elections". N1 (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
    • Fridman, Orli (2022). Memory Activism and Digital Practices after Conflict. Amsterdam University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9789463723466.
    • Ristić, Katarina (2018). "The Media Negotiations of War Criminals and Their Memoirs: The Emergence of the "ICTY Celebrity"". International Criminal Justice Review. 28 (4). doi:10.1177/1057567718766218. S2CID 149665526. ...who is supported only by far-right circles, like the Serbian Radical Party (SRS) or "Zavetnici"
  112. ^ a b c Beckmann-Dierkes, Norbert; Rankić, Slađan (13 May 2022). "Parlamentswahlen in Serbien 2022" [2022 parliamentary elections in Serbia]. Konrad Adenauer Foundation (in German). p. 3. Archived from the original on 11 August 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  113. ^ Ilić, Aleksa (19 March 2020). "¿No pasarán?" [They shall not pass]. European Policy Centre. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  114. ^ a b Zaba, Natalia (17 March 2017). "Rival Activists Embody Serbia's Russia-West Split". Balkan Insight. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  115. ^ a b c d Crosby, Alan (12 March 2018). "Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2023. The profile of ultranationalist groups such as the Zavetnici
  116. ^ a b Išpanović, Igor (15 March 2020). "Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota" [Digital chauvinism on Facebook: Days of Serbian nationalist groundhogs]. Voice (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2023. Takođe, Damnjan Knežević je i bivši član ultranacionalističke stranke Zavetnici [Also, Damnjan Knežević is a former member of the ultranationalist party Oathkeepers]
  117. ^ Ultranationalist:
    • Beckmann-Dierkes, Norbert; Gogić, Ognjen; Lange, Nils (March 2016). "Serbische Neutralität zwischen NATO und Russland" [Serbian neutrality between NATO and Russia]. Konrad Adenauer Foundation (in German). p. 3. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
    • Mankoff, Jeffrey (7 July 2017). "How to Fix the Western Balkans". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023. such as the Serbian ultranationalist group Zavetnici
    • Knežević, Gordana (14 June 2017). "Lynching Atmosphere Threatens Serbia-Kosovo Dialogue". Radio Free Europe. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  118. ^ Valtner, Lidija (3 November 2020). "Strah od vakcine šansa za populiste" [Vaccine fear is a chance for populists]. Danas (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  119. ^ a b Mörner, Ninna (2022). The Many Faces of the Far Right in the Post-Communist Space: A Comparative Study of Far-Right Movements and Identity in the Region. Malmö: Foundation for Baltic and East European Studies. p. 148. ISBN 978-91-85139-13-2.
  120. ^ Buljubašić, Mirza (2022). Violent Right-Wing Extremism in the Western Balkans: An overview of country-specific challenges for P/CVE. European Commission. p. 13.
  121. ^ Kojić, Nikola (6 December 2022). "Zašto raste podrška desnici, gde šansu vidi levica i kako je SNS zauzeo centar" [Why is support for the right growing, where does the left see a chance, and how did SNS occupy the centre?]. N1 (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  122. ^ Popović, Aleksandra (12 April 2022). "Uspon i kontrola desnice u Srbiji - novi politički pol starih ideja" [The rise and control of the right in Serbia - a new political pole of old ideas]. Talas (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
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Primary sources

In the text these references are preceded by a double dagger (‡):

  1. ^ a b "Izveštaj nezavisnog revizora i godišnji finansijski izveštaj za 2021. godinu" [Independent auditor's report and annual financial report for 2021] (PDF). Serbian Party Oathkeepers (in Serbian). 14 April 2022. p. 6. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Datum imenovanja ovlašćenog liza iz člana 31. zakona: 28.10.2021. [Date of appointment of the authorised person from Article 31 of the law: 28.10.2021.]
  2. ^ "Poslanički klub" [Parliamentary group]. Serbian Party Oathkeepers (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.

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