Sima Biao

Jin dynasty historian and noble

Sima Biao

Traditional Chinese

司馬彪

Simplified Chinese

司马彪

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Sīmǎ Biāo
Wade–Giles	Ssu-ma Piao
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Sīmáh Bīu
Jyutping	Si1 maa5 Biu1
IPA	[siː˥ maː˩˧ piːu˥]

Sima Biao (Chinese: 司馬彪; between 238 and 246^[a] – 306), style name Shaotong (紹統), was an historian and nobleman during the Jin dynasty of China.

Biography

Sima Biao was the eldest son of Sima Mu (司馬睦), Prince of Gaoyang. His grandfather was Sima Jin (司馬進), younger brother of Sima Yi. This made Sima Biao one of many second-cousins to the emperors who reigned during his lifetime. Although the eldest son, Sima Biao was disinherited by his father due to his love of leisure and sex, pushing him onto a scholarly career path.^[1]

Appointed to minor sinecures, he began to work on literature and history, annotating the Zhuangzi^[2]^: 302 and the Huainanzi, and writing the Chronicles of the Nine States (九州春秋; Jiuzhou Chunqiu). Lamenting the absence of a coherent history of the Eastern Han, Sima Biao began collating various sources into what would become his greatest work, the Continuation of the Book of Han (續漢書), covering the two hundred years from Emperor Guangwu of Han to Emperor Xian of Han. He also edited Qiao Zhou's Examination of Ancient History (古史考), altering over two hundred events so they would comply with the Bamboo Annals.^[3]

Works

Sima Biao's Continuation of the Book of Han was one of many attempts during the Jin dynasty to create a history of the Eastern Han. Like most traditional Chinese histories,^[4] his book was arranged into annals and biographies, along with eight treatises, and ran to a total length of 80 fascicles. Of these, all have been lost but the five volumes of treatises, on the topics of the calendar, ceremony, rituals, astronomy, the five phases, geography, bureaucracy, vehicles, and clothing. These have been incorporated into Fan Ye's Book of the Later Han, and Sima Biao is sometimes credited as a coauthor on that work.

Titles and appointments held

Commandant of Cavalry (騎都尉)
Assistant in the Palace Library (秘書郎)
Vice Director of the Palace Library (秘書丞)
Gentleman Cavalier Attendant (散騎侍郎)^[b]

References

Notes

^ His biography states that at the time of his death, he was "sixty-something". Book of Jin 648, 82.2143.
^ This was an honorific title signifying the official as a favoured companion or adviser to the emperor. It was Emperor Hui of Jin who conferred this title.^[5]

Citations

^ Book of Jin (648), 82.2142.
^ Klein, Esther Sunkyung (2010). "Were there "Inner Chapters" in the Warring States? A New Examination of Evidence about the Zhuangzi". T'oung Pao. 96 (4/5). Brill: 299–369. doi:10.1163/156853210X546509. JSTOR 41354706.
^ Book of Jin (648), 82.2143.
^ Durrant (2001), pp. 503, 507, 509.
^ Hucker, Charles O. (1985). Dictionary of Official Titles of Imperial China. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 395–396. ISBN 9576382858.

Sources

Fang Xuanling; et al., eds. (1974) [648]. "卷82, Biography of Sima Biao". Book of Jin 晉書 (in Chinese). Vol. 82. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju. pp. 2142–2143.
Durrant, Stephen (2001). "The literary features of historical writing". In Victor H. Mair (ed.). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 493–510. ISBN 9780231109840.