Sodium perchlorate

Sodium perchlorate

Names
Other names Perchloric acid, sodium salt Sodium chlorate(VII) Sodium hyperchlorate
Identifiers
CAS Number	7601-89-0 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:132103 N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1644700 N
ChemSpider	22668 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.647
EC Number	231-511-9
PubChem CID	522606
RTECS number	SC9800000
UNII	97F4MTY3VA Y
UN number	1502
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1034185
InChI InChI=1S/ClHO4.Na/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 Y Key: BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Y InChI=1/ClHO4.Na/c2-1(3,4)5;/h(H,2,3,4,5);/q;+1/p-1 Key: BAZAXWOYCMUHIX-REWHXWOFAU
SMILES [Na+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O
Properties
Chemical formula	NaClO4 (anhydrous) NaClO4·H2O (monohydrate)
Molar mass	122.44 g/mol (anhydrous) 140.45 g/mol (monohydrate)
Appearance	White crystalline solid
Density	2.4994 g/cm3 (anhydrous) 2.02 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
Melting point	468 °C (874 °F; 741 K) (decomposes, anhydrous) 130 °C (monohydrate)
Boiling point	482 °C (900 °F; 755 K) (decomposes, monohydrate)
Solubility in water	209.6 g/(100 mL) (25 °C, anhydrous) 209 g/(100 mL) (15 °C, monohydrate)
Refractive index (nD)	1.4617
Structure
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H271, H302, H319, H373
Precautionary statements	P102, P220, P305+P351+P338, P338
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1 OX
Flash point	400 °C (752 °F; 673 K)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	ICSC 0715
Related compounds
Other anions	Sodium chloride Sodium hypochlorite Sodium chlorite Sodium chlorate
Other cations	Lithium perchlorate Potassium perchlorate Rubidium perchlorate Caesium perchlorate Ammonium perchlorate
Related compounds	Perchloric acid
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references

Sodium perchlorate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaClO₄. It consists of sodium cations Na⁺ and perchlorate anions ClO−4. It is a white crystalline, hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and ethanol. It is usually encountered as sodium perchlorate monohydrate NaClO₄·H₂O. The compound is noteworthy as the most water-soluble of the common perchlorate salts.

Sodium perchlorate and other perchlorates has been found on the planet Mars, first detected by the NASA probe Phoenix in 2009. This was later confirmed by spectral analysis by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015 of what is thought to be brine seeps which may be the first evidence of flowing liquid water containing hydrated salts on Mars.^[1][2]

Selected properties

Its heat of formation is −382.75 kJ/mol, i.e. it is thermally stable up to high temperatures. At 490 °C it undergoes thermal decomposition, producing sodium chloride and dioxygen.^[3] It crystallizes in the rhombic crystal system.^[4]

Uses

Perchloric acid is made by treating NaClO₄ with HCl.^[5] Ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate, of interest in rocketry and pyrotechnics, are prepared by double decomposition from a solution of sodium perchlorate and ammonium chloride or potassium chloride, respectively.

Laboratory applications

Solutions of NaClO₄ are often used as an unreactive electrolyte. Sodium perchlorate is the precursor to many other perchlorate salts, often taking advantage of their low solubility relative to NaClO₄ (209 g/(100 mL) at 25 °C).^[6]

It is used in standard DNA extraction and hybridization reactions in molecular biology.

In medicine

Sodium perchlorate can be used to block iodine uptake before administration of iodinated contrast agents in patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (suppressed TSH).^[7]

Production

Sodium perchlorate is produced by anodic oxidation of sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) at an inert electrode, such as platinum.^[5]

Na⁺ClO−3 + H₂O → Na⁺ClO−4 + 2 H⁺ + 2 e⁻ (acidic medium)

Na⁺ClO−3 + 2 OH⁻ → Na⁺ClO−4 + H₂O + 2 e⁻ (alkaline medium)

Safety

LD50 is 2 – 4 g/kg (rabbits, oral).^[5]

See also

• Potassium chlorate

References

External links

• WebBook page for NaClO4