Spacing Modifier Letters

Unicode character block
(1991)57 (+57)3.0 (1999)63 (+6)4.0 (2003)80 (+17) Unicode documentationCode chart ∣ Web pageNote: [1][2]

Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization. The word spacing indicates that these characters occupy their own horizontal space within a line of text. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was simply Modifier Letters.[3]

Character table

Code Glyph (with guide) Decimal Description
Latin superscript modifier letters
U+02B0 ◌ʰ ʰ Modifier Letter Small H
U+02B1 ◌ʱ ʱ Modifier Letter Small H with hook
U+02B2 ◌ʲ ʲ Modifier Letter Small J
U+02B3 ◌ʳ ʳ Modifier Letter Small R
U+02B4 ◌ʴ ʴ Modifier Letter Small Turned R
U+02B5 ◌ʵ ʵ Modifier Letter Small Turned R with hook
U+02B6 ◌ʶ ʶ Modifier Letter Small Capital Inverted R
U+02B7 ◌ʷ ʷ Modifier Letter Small W
U+02B8 ◌ʸ ʸ Modifier Letter Small Y
Miscellaneous phonetic modifiers
U+02B9 ◌ʹ ʹ Modifier Letter Prime
U+02BA ◌ʺ ʺ Modifier Letter Double Prime
U+02BB ◌ʻ ʻ Modifier Letter Turned Comma
U+02BC ◌ʼ ʼ Modifier Letter Apostrophe
U+02BD ◌ʽ ʽ Modifier Letter Reversed Comma
U+02BE ◌ʾ ʾ Modifier Letter Right Half Ring
U+02BF ◌ʿ ʿ Modifier Letter Left Half Ring
U+02C0 ◌ˀ ˀ Modifier Letter Glottal Stop
U+02C1 ◌ˁ ˁ Modifier Letter Reversed Glottal Stop
U+02C2 ◌˂ ˂ Modifier Letter Left Arrowhead
U+02C3 ◌˃ ˃ Modifier Letter Right Arrowhead
U+02C4 ◌˄ ˄ Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead
U+02C5 ◌˅ ˅ Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead
U+02C6 ◌ˆ ˆ Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent
U+02C7 ◌ˇ ˇ Caron
U+02C8 ◌ˈ ˈ Modifier Letter Vertical Line
U+02C9 ◌ˉ ˉ Modifier Letter Macron
U+02CA ◌ˊ ˊ Modifier Letter Acute Accent
U+02CB ◌ˋ ˋ Modifier Letter Grave Accent
U+02CC ◌ˌ ˌ Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line
U+02CD ◌ˍ ˍ Modifier Letter Low Macron
U+02CE ◌ˎ ˎ Modifier Letter Low Grave Accent
U+02CF ◌ˏ ˏ Modifier Letter Low Acute Accent
U+02D0 ◌ː ː Modifier Letter Triangular Colon
U+02D1 ◌ˑ ˑ Modifier Letter Half Triangular Colon
U+02D2 ◌˒ ˒ Modifier Letter Centered Right Half Ring
U+02D3 ◌˓ ˓ Modifier Letter Centered Left Half Ring
U+02D4 ◌˔ ˔ Modifier Letter Up Tack
U+02D5 ◌˕ ˕ Modifier Letter Down Tack
U+02D6 ◌˖ ˖ Modifier Letter Plus Sign
U+02D7 ◌˗ ˗ Modifier Letter Minus Sign
Spacing clones of diacritics
U+02D8 ◌˘ ˘ Breve
U+02D9 ◌˙ ˙ Dot Above
U+02DA ◌˚ ˚ Ring Above
U+02DB ◌˛ ˛ Ogonek
U+02DC ◌˜ ˜ Small Tilde
U+02DD ◌˝ ˝ Double Acute Accent
Additions based on 1989 IPA
U+02DE ◌˞ ˞ Modifier Letter Rhotic Hook
U+02DF ◌˟ ˟ Modifier Letter Cross Accent
U+02E0 ◌ˠ ˠ Modifier Letter Small Gamma
U+02E1 ◌ˡ ˡ Modifier Letter Small L
U+02E2 ◌ˢ ˢ Modifier Letter Small S
U+02E3 ◌ˣ ˣ Modifier Letter Small X
U+02E4 ◌ˤ ˤ Modifier Letter Small Reversed Glottal Stop
Tone letters
U+02E5 ◌˥ ˥ Modifier Letter Extra-High Tone Bar
U+02E6 ◌˦ ˦ Modifier Letter High Tone Bar
U+02E7 ◌˧ ˧ Modifier Letter Mid Tone Bar
U+02E8 ◌˨ ˨ Modifier Letter Low Tone Bar
U+02E9 ◌˩ ˩ Modifier Letter Extra-Low Tone Bar
Extended Bopomofo tone marks
U+02EA ◌˪ ˪ Extended Bopomofo Yin Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
U+02EB ◌˫ ˫ Extended Bopomofo Yang Departing (for Minnan and Hakka languages)
IPA modifiers
U+02EC ◌ˬ ˬ Modifier Letter Voicing
U+02ED ◌˭ ˭ Modifier Letter Unaspirated
Other modifier letter
U+02EE ◌ˮ ˮ Modifier Letter Double Apostrophe
UPA modifiers
U+02EF ◌˯ ˯ Modifier Letter Low Down Arrowhead
U+02F0 ◌˰ ˰ Modifier Letter Low Up Arrowhead
U+02F1 ◌˱ ˱ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrowhead
U+02F2 ◌˲ ˲ Modifier Letter Low Right Arrowhead
U+02F3 ◌˳ ˳ Modifier Letter Low Ring
U+02F4 ◌˴ ˴ Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent
U+02F5 ◌˵ ˵ Modifier Letter Middle Double Grave Accent
U+02F6 ◌˶ ˶ Modifier Letter Middle Double Acute Accent
U+02F7 ◌˷ ˷ Modifier Letter Low Tilde
U+02F8 ◌˸ ˸ Modifier Letter Raised Colon
U+02F9 ◌˹ ˹ Modifier Letter Begin High Tone
U+02FA ◌˺ ˺ Modifier Letter End High Tone
U+02FB ◌˻ ˻ Modifier Letter Begin Low Tone
U+02FC ◌˼ ˼ Modifier Letter End Low Tone
U+02FD ◌˽ ˽ Modifier Letter Shelf
U+02FE ◌˾ ˾ Modifier Letter Open Shelf
U+02FF ◌˿ ˿ Modifier Letter Low Left Arrow
Code Glyph Decimal Description

Compact table

Spacing Modifier Letters[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+02Bx ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ʹ ʺ ʻ ʼ ʽ ʾ ʿ
U+02Cx ˀ ˁ ˂ ˃ ˄ ˅ ˆ ˇ ˈ ˉ ˊ ˋ ˌ ˍ ˎ ˏ
U+02Dx ː ˑ ˒ ˓ ˔ ˕ ˖ ˗ ˘ ˙ ˚ ˛ ˜ ˝ ˞ ˟
U+02Ex ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ ˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ ˪ ˫ ˬ ˭ ˮ ˯
U+02Fx ˰ ˱ ˲ ˳ ˴ ˵ ˶ ˷ ˸ ˹ ˺ ˻ ˼ ˽ ˾ ˿
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.1

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Spacing Modifier Letters block:

Version Final code points[a] Count UTC ID L2 ID WG2 ID Document
1.0.0 U+02B0..02DD 46 (to be determined)
UTC/1999-017 Davis, Mark (1999-06-02), Data cross-checks (for Agenda)
L2/99-176R Moore, Lisa (1999-11-04), "Data Cross-Checks", Minutes from the joint UTC/L2 meeting in Seattle, June 8-10, 1999
L2/99-246 N2043 Everson, Michael (1999-07-24), On the apostrophe and quotation mark, with a note on Egyptian transliteration characters
L2/06-373 Proposal for additional character, 2006-11-04
L2/06-398 Pandey, Anshuman (2006-12-15), Comments on L2/06-373 (addition of 'apostrophe' to Devanagari)
L2/07-272 Muller, Eric (2007-08-10), "9", Report of the South Asia subcommittee
L2/07-225 Moore, Lisa (2007-08-21), "Devanagari", UTC #112 Minutes
L2/08-197 Representation of Bodo, Dogri and Maithili languages in Unicode Standard, 2008-05-06
L2/08-210 Lata, Swaran (2008-05-07), Usage examples for Bodo, Dogri, Maithili tone marker
L2/12-065 N4281 Pentzlin, Karl (2012-02-05), Proposal for additional annotations for some modifier letters used for transliteration of Hebrew
U+02DE, 02E0..02E9 11 UTC/1991-048B Whistler, Ken (1991-03-27), "IPA additions", Draft Minutes from the UTC meeting #46 day 2, 3/27 at Apple
L2/00-421 N2307 Whistler, Ken (2000-11-27), Response to Japanese Query re IPA tone letters
L2/01-025 N2312 Constable, Peter (2001-01-08), Presentation of tone contours encoded as UCS tone letter sequences
3.0 U+02DF 1 L2/98-261 N1812 (pdf, html) Ellert, Mattias (1998-05-21), Proposal to encode CROSS ACCENT in ISO/IEC 10646
L2/98-372 N1884R2 (pdf, doc) Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS
L2/98-329 N1920 Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28
L2/99-010 N1903 (pdf, html, doc) Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.2.5", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25
U+02EA..02EB 2 L2/98-090 N1713R Proposal to add 24 extended Bopomofo and 2 modifier letters for Minnan and Hakka, 1998-03-19
L2/98-158 Aliprand, Joan; Winkler, Arnold (1998-05-26), "Bopomofo Extensions", Draft Minutes - UTC #76 & NCITS Subgroup L2 #173 joint meeting, Tredyffrin, Pennsylvania, April 20-22, 1998
L2/98-286 N1703 Umamaheswaran, V. S.; Ksar, Mike (1998-07-02), "8.25", Unconfirmed Meeting Minutes, WG 2 Meeting #34, Redmond, WA, USA; 1998-03-16--20
L2/98-321 N1905 Revised text of 10646-1/FPDAM 23, AMENDMENT 23: Bopomofo Extended and other characters, 1998-10-22
U+02EC..02ED 2 L2/98-299 N1845 Everson, Michael (1998-09-08), Additional IPA "disturbed speech" characters for the UCS
L2/98-372 N1884R2 (pdf, doc) Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS
L2/98-329 N1920 Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28
L2/06-231 Moore, Lisa (2006-08-17), "Consensus 108-C3", UTC #108 Minutes, Change the general category of U+02EC MODIFIER LETTER VOICING from "Sk" to "Lm".
U+02EE 1 L2/98-295 N1817 Everson, Michael (1997-08-10), Proposal to add the letter MODIFIER LETTER DOUBLE APOSTROPHE in the BMP
L2/98-372 N1884R2 (pdf, doc) Whistler, Ken; et al. (1998-09-22), Additional Characters for the UCS
L2/98-329 N1920 Combined PDAM registration and consideration ballot on WD for ISO/IEC 10646-1/Amd. 30, AMENDMENT 30: Additional Latin and other characters, 1998-10-28
L2/99-010 N1903 (pdf, html, doc) Umamaheswaran, V. S. (1998-12-30), "8.2.2", Minutes of WG 2 meeting 35, London, U.K.; 1998-09-21--25
4.0 U+02EF..02FF 17 L2/02-141 N2419 Everson, Michael; et al. (2002-03-20), Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS
L2/02-192 Everson, Michael (2002-05-02), Everson's Reply on UPA
N2442 Everson, Michael; Kolehmainen, Erkki I.; Ruppel, Klaas; Trosterud, Trond (2002-05-21), Justification for placing the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet in the BMP
L2/02-291 Whistler, Ken (2002-05-31), WG2 report from Dublin
L2/02-292 Whistler, Ken (2002-06-03), Early look at WG2 consent docket
L2/02-166R2 Moore, Lisa (2002-08-09), "Scripts and New Characters - UPA", UTC #91 Minutes
L2/02-253 Moore, Lisa (2002-10-21), "Consensus 92-C2", UTC #92 Minutes
  1. ^ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names

See also

References

  1. ^ "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  2. ^ "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  3. ^ "3.8: Block-by-Block Charts" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. version 1.0. Unicode Consortium.