Stadt Huys Site

First city hall in New York City

The Stadt Huys (an old Dutch spelling, meaning city hall) was the first city hall in New York City, United States. It was built in 1642 by the Dutch, when the settlement was named New Amsterdam. The building was used until 1679, when the structure was no longer deemed safe for occupants. The structure was located at present 71 Pearl Street (now demolished) in the modern-day Financial District of Lower Manhattan.

The Stadt Huys block archaeology project took place in 1979–1980 and was New York City's first large-scale archaeological excavation. At the time, it was one of the most expensive and most productive projects of urban archeology undertaken in an American city. Many logistical procedures for urban archaeology had to be developed as the project evolved. Most of these procedures have become a model for performing large-scale excavations in the city.^[1]

History

The Stadt Huys site consisted of land on three blocks, defined by Pearl Street, Broad Street and South William Street, and extended to the east across Coenties Alley when it was Dutch New Amsterdam.

In 1642, the Dutch West India Company built a typical 17th-century Dutch–style building, used as a city tavern (basically a communal meetingplace) named Stadt Herbergh. In 1653 the structure was converted into a city hall. As one of the largest public buildings in the city, the Stadt Huys became the center of governmental and political life in the colony of New Amsterdam and continued functioning as such after the British conquered New Amsterdam in 1664. The Stadt Huys stopped functioning as the city hall in 1697 when its structure was deemed unsafe. It stood for another 20 years in its unrepaired condition and was razed in 1699.^[2]

The King's House (also known as the Lovelace Tavern) was a bar built in 1670 by New York's second English governor, Francis Lovelace (c. 1621–1675). The King's House was next door to the Stadt Huys and operated until 1706.^[3] The building's remains were discovered in 1979, during construction of present-day 85 Broad Street.^[4]^[5] The King's House served as the city hall temporarily from 1697 to 1703, when the new city hall opened at the corner of Wall and Nassau Streets (now the site of Federal Hall).^[6]

Excavations

A four-story structure was built at 71 Pearl Street in 1826, on part of the Stadt Huys Site;^[7] the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated it as a city landmark in 1965.^[8]^[9] However, it was destroyed in 1968 to make way for an office tower, plans for which ultimately stalled.^[8] When 71 Pearl was being demolished, LPC researchers discovered some foundation walls from Stadt Huys.^[7]

The Stadt Huys Block was one of the few blocks remaining in New York City where the remains of the Dutch occupation in New York might still exist, as it was one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in the city and a residence for many prominent residents of that era.^[10] The Stadt Huys Block was the first archaeological project performed under the auspices of the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission and the City Environmental Quality Review process.^[1]

Dollar Savings Bank, which purchased the property in 1979, provided between $100,000 and $150,000 for the initial archeological investigation.^[7]^[11] Con Edison and Durst Foundation also contributed as the project continued.

Timeline

1979 – The project started with the planning of 85 Broad Street (now the Goldman Sachs headquarters). An archeological survey was required because the foundations would destroy any artifacts below the surface.
August 1979 – A certificate of Appropriateness for the archaeological excavation was granted. Phase one, a sensitivity study consisting of documentary research and preliminary subsurfacing boring, commenced.
October 1, 1979 – The second phase commenced, with removal of the parking lot and construction demolition debris. The full contractor force was onsite from October 9 through the end of the year. Field and laboratory work had commenced as soon as the project started.
December 1979 – Dollar Savings Bank planned to transfer the land to Galbreath—Ruffin.
January 1980 – mitigation phase until mid-July 1980 for more time, money and a period to excavate Coenties Alley and Stone Street.
July–August 1980 – Construction activities on Coenties Alley and Stone Street. Fieldwork ended on August 29.
March 1981 – Laboratory work ended.
December 1987 – The project was submitted to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission.

Participants

Directors
- Nan Rothschild, a professor of anthropology at Hunter College and New York University
- Diana Rockman, a doctoral candidate
- Eugene Boesch
Contributors – Diane Dallal, Joseph Diamond, Mary Dieryckx, Meta F. Janowitz, Josselyn F. Moore, Kate Morgan Arnold Pickman, and Nancy Stehling^[10]

Findings

The archaeologists found more than four tons of artifacts in the site: bricks, stones, glass, turkey bones, watermelon seeds, coffee beans, oyster shells, buttons, coins, and pottery, including a bright yellow cooking pot (believed to be a pitcher when excavated), vivid blue and white delftware plates, tiles and apothecary jars.

In the Lovelace Tavern were numerous 17th-century clay tobacco pipes (broken fragments), wine-bottle fragments; a storage barrel brimming with empty wine and rum bottles, and one perfect unbroken clay pipe in the cellar.^[1]

Aftermath

The large number of artifacts uncovered led to increased awareness of archeology in New York City. The LPC hired its first archeologist in 1980 as a result of the dig.^[12]^[13]

85 Broad Street was finished before the excavation report was completed. The developers, however, left some evidence of the site, displaying remains of King's Tavern and a well from 18th century. Around the building, there is a public plaza with information about the Stadt Huys, the Tavern and the archaeology project. The brass circular plaque on the sidewalk of the plaza has a map of the original street plan of New Amsterdam and there are colored outlines for the Stadt Huys and the King's House as the reminder of where it was.^[2]

At the previous 71 Pearl Street is a "Portal Down to Old New York".^[14] The concrete sidewalk encloses transparent panels through which the original foundation walls of the Lovelace Tavern can be seen.^[6]^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Digging up Our Urban Past". The New York Times. April 12, 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
^ ^a ^b Cantwell, Anne-Marie E. (2003). Unearthing Gotham. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300097993.
^ Baugher, Sherene; Wall, Diana Dizerega (1997). "Ancient and Modern United". In Jameson, John H. Jr. (ed.). Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 978-0-7619-8909-7.
^ "Forgotten Tour 17, Lower Manhattan". Forgotten New York. July 2004. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
^ Nevius, Michelle; Nevius, James (2009). Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City. New York: Free Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4165-9393-5.
^ ^a ^b Pollak, Michael (October 24, 2004). "But First, a Toast". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fowler, Glenn (October 25, 1979). "Archeologists Hard at Work At Site of the First City Hall". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Nevius, James (April 29, 2015). "How Some of NYC's First Landmarked Buildings Became Rubble". Curbed. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
^ "Pick 7 More Landmarks". Daily News. New York. December 28, 1965. p. 299. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "The Archaeological Investigation of The Stadt Huys Block: A Final Report" (PDF).
^ DiMona, Darcy (September 21, 1981). "The bull and the China Shop: a landmark encounter". Daily News. New York. pp. 99, 103. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ "Archaeology making urban history concrete". The Record. September 29, 1982. p. 40. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ Bennetts, Leslie (May 21, 1982). "Archeologists Search for a Chronicle of New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ "Preserved Remnants of 17th Century New York". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved November 28, 2022. Under a glass sidewalk lie the remains of some of Manhattan's oldest buildings.
^ Xu, Susan (January 27, 2017). "The Remains of the 17th Century Lovelace Tavern in NYC's Financial District". Untapped New York. Retrieved November 29, 2022.

Financial District

Manhattan, New York City

Buildings

West of Broadway/ State Street	1 Broadway 21 West Street 65 Broadway 90 West Street 88 Greenwich Street 94 Greenwich Street 125 Greenwich Street 130 Cedar Street 195 Broadway American Stock Exchange Building Barclay–Vesey Building Bowling Green Offices Building Castle Clinton City Pier A Cunard Building Downtown Athletic Club Empire Building James Watson House New York County Lawyers' Association Building Old New York Evening Post Building Robert and Anne Dickey House St. George's Syrian Catholic Church St. Paul's Chapel St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church Transportation Building Trinity and United States Realty Buildings Trinity Church Trinity Court Building Whitehall Building World Trade Center One 2 3 4 7 Perelman Performing Arts Center St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Vehicular Security Center Westfield Mall
East of Broadway/ State Street	1 Hanover Square 1 New York Plaza 1 Wall Street 1 Wall Street Court 1 William Street 2 Broadway 2 New York Plaza 5 Beekman Street 14 Wall Street 15 Broad Street 15 William 17 State Street 20 Exchange Place 23 Wall Street 25 Water Street 26 Broadway 28 Liberty Street 32 Old Slip 37 Wall Street 40 Wall Street 45 Broad Street 48 Wall Street 52 Broadway 55 Wall Street 55 Water Street 56 Beaver Street (Delmonico's) 56 Pine Street 60 Wall Street 63 Wall Street 63 Nassau Street 70 Pine Street 75 Wall Street 90–94 Maiden Lane 116 John Street 120 Wall Street 130 William 140 Broadway 150 Nassau Street 161 Maiden Lane 170–176 John Street 250 Water Street Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House American Bank Note Company Building American Surety Building Bennett Building Broad Exchange Building Chamber of Commerce Building Continental Bank Building Continental Center Corbin Building Down Town Association Equitable Building Excelsior Power Company Building Federal Hall National Memorial Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building Fraunces Tavern Home Insurance Plaza John Street Methodist Church Keuffel & Esser Company Building Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building Liberty Tower Morse Building New York City Police Museum New York Stock Exchange Building New York Times Building Park Row Building Potter Building
Former buildings	7 WTC Alexander Macomb House Astor House Barnum's American Museum Blair Building City Hotel City Investing Building Equitable Life Building Gillender Building Gilsey Building Government House Hanover National Building Howard Hotel Kemble Building Knickerbocker Trust Company Building Manhattan Life Insurance Building Mills Building Mortimer Building New York Produce Exchange New York Tribune Building New York World Building Pearl Street Station St. Paul Building Singer Building Stadt Huys Tontine Coffee House Tower Building Western Union Telegraph Building World Trade Center 3 4 5 6 7

Other points of interest

Arts and culture	Charging Bull China Chalet Fearless Girl Four Continents The Sphere Titanic Memorial
Parks and plazas	The Battery Bowling Green Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza Hudson River Park Liberty Park Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Vietnam Veterans Plaza Zuccotti Park
Food and drink	Brasserie Les Halles China Chalet Crown Shy Delmonico's Fraunces Tavern Rolfe's Chop House Saga The Dead Rabbit

Education

Schools	High School of Economics and Finance Leadership and Public Service High School Léman Manhattan Preparatory School Millennium High School New York Film Academy Pace University Pine Street School New York
Museums	China Institute Federal Hall National Memorial Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport

Transportation

Public transport	Subway Bowling Green Broad Street Fulton Street Rector St/Greenwich St Rector St/Trinity Pl South Ferry/Whitehall St Wall St/William St Wall St/Broadway WTC Cortlandt PATH World Trade Center Ferries Pier 11/Wall Street South Ferry Battery Maritime Building Whitehall Terminal
Other transport	Downtown Manhattan Heliport Wall Street Skyport
Streets	Albany Beaver Bridge Broad Broadway Church/Trinity Place Cortlandt Dey Exchange Fulton Greenwich John Liberty Maiden Lane Marketfield Nassau Pearl South Spruce State Stone Theatre Alley Vesey/Ann Wall Washington West Whitehall William