Summit (meeting)

Meeting of heads of state or government

A summit meeting (or just summit) is an international meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit (1955).^[1] During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.^[2]

Notable summits

World War II conferences

U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) (January 29 – March 27, 1941)
Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)
Moscow Conference (September 29 – October 1, 1941)
Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)
Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942)
Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)
Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)
Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)
Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)
Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943)
Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)
Third Moscow Conference (October 18 – November 1, 1943)
Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943)
Tehran Conference (November 28 – December 1, 1943)
Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)
United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)
Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)
Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)
Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)
Malta Conference (January 30 – February 2, 1945)
Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)
United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25 – June 26, 1945)
Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945)

Arab League summits

1974 – Rabat summit conference

2002 – Beirut Summit

Earth Summits

1992 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2002 – Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa,
2012 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

G–summits

Group of Six (G6), heads of government

1975 – 1st G6 summit, Château de Rambouillet

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

1976 – 2nd G7 summit, San Juan
1977 – 3rd G7 summit, London
1978 – 4th G7 summit, Bonn
1979 – 5th G7 summit, Tokyo
1980 – 6th G7 summit, Venice
1981 – 7th G7 summit, Montebello
1982 – 8th G7 summit, Versailles
1983 – 9th G7 summit, Williamsburg
1984 – 10th G7 summit, London
1985 – 11th G7 summit, Bonn
1986 – 12th G7 summit, Tokyo
1987 – 13th G7 summit, Venice
1988 – 14th G7 summit, Toronto
1989 – 15th G7 summit, Grande Arche
1990 – 16th G7 summit, Houston
1991 – 17th G7 summit, London
1992 – 18th G7 summit, Munich
1993 – 19th G7 summit, Tokyo
1994 – 20th G7 summit, Naples
1995 – 21st G7 summit, Halifax
1996 – 22nd G7 summit, Lyon

Group of Eight (G8), heads of government

1997 – 23rd G8 summit, Denver
1998 – 24th G8 summit, Birmingham
1999 – 25th G8 summit, Cologne
2000 – 26th G8 summit, Okinawa
2001 – 27th G8 summit, Genoa
2002 – 28th G8 summit, Kananaskis
2003 – 29th G8 summit, Évian-les-Bains
2004 – 30th G8 summit, Sea Island
2005 – 31st G8 summit, Gleneagles
2006 – 32nd G8 summit, Saint Petersburg
2007 – 33rd G8 summit, Heiligendamm
2008 – 34th G8 summit, Tōyako
2009 – 35th G8 summit, L'Aquila, Abruzzo
2010 – 36th G8 summit, Huntsville
2011 – 37th G8 summit, Deauville
2012 – 38th G8 summit, Camp David, Maryland
2013 – 39th G8 summit, Lough Erne in County Fermanagh

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

2014 – 40th G7 summit, Brussels
2015 – 41st G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria
2016 – 42nd G7 summit, Shima, Mie Prefecture
2017 – 43rd G7 summit, Taormina, Sicily
2018 – 44th G7 summit, La Malbaie, Quebec
2019 – 45th G7 summit, Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine
2021 – 47th G7 summit, Cornwall, South West England
2022 – 48th G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria
2023 – 49th G7 summit, Hiroshima

Group of Twenty, heads of government

European summits

1969 – The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
1974 – Paris: Creation of the Council.
1985 – Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
1991 – Maastricht': Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
1997 – Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
1998 – Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.

1999 – Cologne: Declaration on military forces.
1999 – Tampere: Institutional reform
2000 – Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
2002 – Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement.
2007 – Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.

Inter-Korean summits

2000 – 1st Korean summit
2007 – 2nd Korean summit

2018 – April 2018 inter-Korean summit
2018 – May 2018 inter-Korean summit
2018 – September 2018 inter-Korean summit

Millennium Development Goals

2000 – Millennium Summit, New York City

2005 – 2005 World Summit, New York City

South American Summits

2000 – 2000 South American Summit, Brasília
2002 – South American Summit, Guayaquil

2004 – 2004 South American Summit, Cuzco, Peru

Summits of the Americas

1994 – 1st Summit of the Americas at Miami in the United States.
1996—Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development at Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia.
1998 – 2nd Summit of the Americas at Santiago in Chile.
2001 – 3rd Summit of the Americas, in Quebec City, Canada.

2004 – Monterrey Special Summit of the Americas at Monterrey in Mexico.
2005 – 4th Summit of the Americas at Mar del Plata in Argentina.
2009 – 5th Summit of the Americas at Port-of-Spain in Trinidad and Tobago.
2012 – 6th Summit of the Americas at Cartagena in Colombia.
2015 – 7th Summit of the Americas at Panama City in Panama.
2018 – 8th Summit of the Americas at Lima in Peru.

UN International conferences on Afghanistan

2001 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn
2004 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Berlin
2006 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London
2007 – International Conference on the Rule of Law in Afghanistan in Rome

2008 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Paris
2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Moscow
2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in The Hague
2010 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London

Soviet Union–United States summits

Geneva Summit, July 18–23, 1955
Washington and Camp David Summit, September 15, 26–27, 1959
Paris Summit, May 16–17, 1960
Vienna Summit, June 3–4, 1961
Glassboro Summit Conference, June 23 and 25, 1967
Moscow Summit (SALT I), May 22–30, 1972
Washington Summit, June 18–25, 1973
Moscow summit, June 28 – July 3, 1974
Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control, November 23–24, 1974
Helsinki summit, July 30 and August 2, 1975
Vienna summit (SALT II), June 15–18, 1979
Geneva Summit, November 19–21, 1985
Reykjavík Summit, October 10–12, 1986
Washington Summit, December 7–10, 1987
Moscow Summit, May 29 – June 1, 1988
New York Summit, December 7, 1988
Malta Summit, December 2–3, 1989
Washington D.C., May 30 – June 3, 1990
Helsinki Summit, September 9, 1990
Paris Summit, November 19, 1990
London Summit, July 17, 1991
Moscow Summit (START I), July 30–31, 1991
Madrid Summit, October 29–30, 1991

Russia–United States summits

2001 – Slovenia Summit 2001
2005 – Slovakia Summit 2005

2018 – Russia–United States summit
2021 – Russia–United States summit

Miscellaneous

1520 – Field of the Cloth of Gold
1955 – Geneva Summit
1967 – Glassboro Summit Conference
1985 – Shamrock Summit
1986 – Reykjavík Summit
1989 – Malta Summit
1990 – World Summit for Children
2001 – Agra summit
2001 – Taba summit
2000 – 2000 Camp David Summit
2003–2005 – World Summit on the Information Society
2005 – Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005
2015 – Valletta Summit on Migration
2017 – 2017 Riyadh summit
2018 – 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
2019 – 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit
2023 – 2023 France-China Summit

References

^ Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2001). Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts. ISBN 9780415141253. Archived from the original on 2023-10-17. Retrieved 2015-11-15.
^ "Global Governance Breakthrough: The G20 Summit and the Future Agenda". 2001-11-30. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-27.

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