Swatow dialect
Dialect of Chaoshan Min
| Swatow dialect | |
|---|---|
| Shantou | |
| 汕頭話 Suan¹tao⁵ uê⁷ | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
Early forms | Proto-Sino-Tibetan
|
Writing system | Peng'im |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | shan1244 |
| Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jif |
 Shantou dialect | |
The Swatow dialect, or in Mandarin the Shantou dialect, is a Chinese dialect mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is a dialect of Chaoshan Min language.[4] It is similar to and largely mutually intelligible with the Teochew dialect.
Phonology
Shantou dialect has 18 initials, 61 rimes and 8 tones.
Initials
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | |||||
| Nasal | /m/ 毛 | /n/ 腦 | /ŋ/ 俄 | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | tenuis | /p/ 波 | /t/ 刀 | /ts/ 之 | /k/ 哥 | /ʔ/ 烏 |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ 抱 | /tʰ/ 天 | /tsʰ/ 此 | /kʰ/ 戈 | ||
| voiced | /b/ 無 | /g/ 鵝 | ||||
| Continuant | voiceless | /s/ 思 | ||||
| voiced | /l/ 羅 | /z/ 入 | /h/ 何 | |||
Rimes
| i 衣 | u 污 | |
| a 亞 | ia 呀 | ua 娃 |
| o 窩 | io 腰 | |
| e 啞 | ue 鍋 | |
| ɯ 余 | ||
| ai 哀 | uai 歪 | |
| oi 鞋 | ui 威 | |
| au 歐 | iau 夭 | |
| ou 烏 | iu 憂 | |
| ĩ 丸 | ||
| ã 噯 | ĩã 營 | uã 鞍 |
| ĩõ 羊 | ||
| ẽ 楹 | ||
| ɯ̃ 秧 | ||
| ãĩ 愛 | ||
| õĩ 閑 | ||
| im 音 | ||
| am 庵 | iam 淹 | |
| iŋ 因 | uŋ 溫 | |
| aŋ 按 | iaŋ 央 | uaŋ 汪 |
| oŋ 翁 | ioŋ 雍 | |
| eŋ 英 | ||
| ɤŋ 恩 | ||
| iʔ 裂 | ||
| aʔ 鴨 | iaʔ 益 | uaʔ 呴 |
| oʔ 學 | ioʔ 約 | |
| eʔ 厄 | ||
| oiʔ 狹 | iuʔ | |
| ip̚ 邑 | ||
| ap̚ 盒 | iap̚ 壓 | uap̚ 法 |
| ik̚ 乙 | uk̚ 熨 | |
| ak̚ 惡 | iak̚ 躍 | uak̚ 獲 |
| ok̚ 屋 | iok̚ 育 | |
| ek̚ 液 | ||
| m̩ 唔 |
Tones
| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tones | dark level 陰平 | dark rising 陰上 | dark departing 陰去 | dark entering 陰入 | light level 陽平 | light rising 陽上 | light departing 陽去 | light entering 陽入 |
| Tone contour | ˧ (33) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˩ (11) | ˥ (5) |
| Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Tone sandhi
Shantou dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
| Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
|---|---|
| dark level 33 | 23 |
| light level 55 | 21 |
| dark rising 53 | 35 |
| light rising 35 | 21 |
| dark departing 213 | 55 |
| light departing 11 | 12 |
| dark entering 2 | 5 |
| light entering 5 | 2 |
Notes
References
- ^ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
- ^ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Shantou Dialect entry in Glossika
- Office of Chorography of Shantou City 汕头市地方志办公室 (1999). Shan tou shi zhi 汕头市志 ["Chorography of Shantou City"]. Vol. 72. Beijing: Xinhua chubanshe 新华出版社 ["Xinhua Publishing House"]. ISBN 9787501143870.
Further reading
- Fielde, Adele M. (1883). A pronouncing and defining dictionary of the Swatow dialect, arranged according to syllables and tones. Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Fielde, Adele M. (1878). First Lessons in the Swatow Dialect. Swatow: Swatow Printing Office Company. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
- Lechler, Rudolf, Samuel Wells Williams , William Duffus (1883). English-Chinese Vocabulary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Swatow. Swatow: English Presbyterian Mission Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hsiung-chʻêng, Lin (1886). A handbook of the Swatow vernacular. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. Retrieved 2015-04-01.
External links
Media related to Shantou dialect at Wikimedia Commons
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Sino-Tibetan branches
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
| Greater Magaric |
|---|
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
| "Naga" | |
|---|---|
| Sal |
| Burmo-Qiangic |
|---|
(Arunachal)
| Greater Siangic |
|
|---|
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
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