Synod of Gangra
Christian Synod (340)
The Synod of Gangra was a council of the Christian church held in the fourth century, at Gangra (in modern Turkey). The exact date is contested, but is generally agreed to be the year 340.[1][2]
The synod was arranged with 14 bishops and led by Eusebius of Nicomedia.[3]
The synod condemned Manichaeans, and their practices. The concluding canons of the synod condemned the Manichaeans for their actions, and declared many of their practices anathematised. The synod also spoke against the beliefs and actions of Eustathius of Sebaste.[4]
The canons of the synod condemned and anathematised the practices of:[5]
- the condemnation of marriage
- forbidding the eating of most forms of meat
- urging slaves to flee their masters
- arguing that married priests could not perform valid sacraments
- condemning normal church services and holding their own
- distributing church revenues without the consent of the bishop
- remaining celibate for reasons other than holiness
- reviling married persons and the celebration of Christian love-feasts
- wearing certain types of ascetic clothing "as if this gave him righteousness" and condemning others
- women wearing men's clothing under the pretense of asceticism
- women leaving their husbands
- parents abandoning their children
- children leaving their parents
- women cutting off their hair "from pretended asceticism"
- fasting on a Sunday under the pretense of asceticism
- refusing to honour Christian martyrs
References
External links
- The Synodal Letter, Canons and Epilogue of the Council of Gangra. The Greek and Latin texts (with dictionary lookup links) at www.earlychurchtexts.com.
- The Synodal Letter, Canons and Epilogue of the Council of Gangra. An English translation at www.earlychurchtexts.com.
- Council of Gangra at ccel.org
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Manichaeism
- Seven treatises of Manichaeism (Gospel of Mani, Treasure of Life, The Epistles, The Book of Mysteries, Pragmateia, The Book of Giants, Psalms and Prayers)
- Book of Pictures
- Shabuhragan
literature
- Father of Greatness
- Prince of Darkness
- Zarathustra in Manichaeism
- The Buddha in Manichaeism
- Jesus in Manichaeism
- Two Principles and Three Moments
- Gnosis
- Messenger of Light
- Xroshtag and Padvaxtag
- Archon
- Asrestar
- Apostles
- Mar Ammo
- Mar Sisin
- Mar Zaku
- Mar Adda
- Shad Ohrmazd
- Mihr
- Faustus
- Agapius
- Aphthonius
- Hegemonius
- Marcus
- Three Persian religions
- Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism
- Bögü Qaghan
- Sergius-Tychicus
- East-West Schism
- Amr ibn Adi
- Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri
- Lü Shinang
- Synod of Gangra
- Lin Deng
- Persecution
- Uyghur Khaganate
- Cangnan Stele
- Qianku
- See of Babylon
- Denawars
- Astati
- Chinese Manichaeism
- Miqlāsiyya
- Archegos
- Patriarch
- Apostle
- Bishop
- Presbyter
- Elect
- Hearers
- Three Seals
- Pañcavidyā
- Cao'an
- Puxi Fushou Palace [zh]
- Flying Road Pagoda [zh]
- Leshan Temple [zh]
- Birth of Mani
- Book of Pictures
- Diagram of the Universe
- Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work
- Icon of Mani
- Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959
- Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974
- Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979
- Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368
- Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259
- Mani's Community Established
- Mani's Parents
- Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village
- Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286
- Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918
- Painting of the Buddha Jesus
- Sealstone of Mani
- Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
- Veneration of the Tree of Life
- Manichaean script
- Manichaean (Unicode block)
Notes: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery
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