Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn

Transcription system
Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台湾闽南语罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwanese Southern Min Romanization Solution
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎzì Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
Bopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ ㄇㄧㄣˇ ㄋㄢˊ ㄩˇ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄚˇ ㄗˋ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTair'uan Miinnanyeu Luomaatzyh Pin'in Fang'ann
Wade–GilesTʻai2-wan1 Min3-nan2-yü3 Lo2-ma3-tzu4 Pʻin1-in1 Fang1-an4
Tongyong PinyinTáiwan Mǐn-nán-yǔ Luó-mǎ-zìh Pin-yin Fang-àn
MPS2Táiwān Mǐnnányǔ Luómǎtz Pīnyīn Fāng'àn
IPA[tʰǎɪ.wán mìn.nǎn.ỳ pʰín.ín fáŋ.ân]
Hakka
RomanizationThòi-vàn Men-nàm-ngî Lò-mâ-sṳ Piang-yîm Fông-on
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationTòihwāan Máhnnàahmyuh Lòhmáhjih Pingyām Fōng'on
Jyutpingtoi4 waan1 man5 naam4 jyu6 lo4 maa5 zi6 ping3 jam1 fong1 on3
IPA[tʰɔːi˩ waːn˥ mɐn˩˧ naːm˩ jyː˨ lɔː˩ maː˩˧ tsiː˨ pʰeŋ˧ jɐm˥ ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-ôan Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lôTâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Tâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Traditional Chinese臺語羅馬字拼音方案
Simplified Chinese台语罗马字拼音方案
Literal meaningTaiwanese (language) Romanization Solution
Transcriptions
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lôTâi-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn
Tâi-lô
Traditional Chinese臺羅拼音
Simplified Chinese台罗拼音
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiluó Pīnyīn
Bopomofoㄊㄞˊ ㄌㄨㄛˊ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhTairluo Pin'in
Wade–GilesTʻai2-lo2 Pʻin1-in1
Tongyong PinyinTái-luó Pin-yin
MPS2Táiluó Pinyin
IPA[tʰǎɪ.lwǒ pʰín.ín]
Hakka
RomanizationThòi-lò Piang-yîm
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-lô Pheng-im
Tâi-lôTâi-lô Phing-im
Romanization of Chinese
Mandarin
Wu
Yue
Min
Gan
Hakka
Xiang
Polylectal
See also
  • v
  • t
  • e

The official romanization system for Taiwanese Hokkien in Taiwan is locally referred to as Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn or Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an (lit. 'Taiwanese Southern Min Romanization Solution'),[I][1] often shortened to Tâi-lô. It is derived from Pe̍h-ōe-jī and since 2006 has been one of the phonetic notation systems officially promoted by Taiwan's Ministry of Education.[2] The system is used in the MoE's Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan. It is nearly identical to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, apart from: using ts tsh instead of ch chh, using u instead of o in vowel combinations such as oa and oe, using i instead of e in eng and ek, using oo instead of o͘, and using nn instead of ⁿ.

Taiwanese Romanization System

Alphabet

The Taiwanese Romanization System uses 16 basic Latin letters (A, B, E, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, S, T, U), 7 digraphs (Kh, Ng, nn, Oo, Ph, Th, Ts) and a trigraph (Tsh). In addition, it uses 6 diacritics to represent tones.

Capital letter Lower case IPA Letter name (variant 1) Letter name (variant 2)
A a [a] a a
B b [b] bi be
E e [e] e e
G g [ɡ] gi ge
H h [h, ʔ] hi ha
I i [i] i i
J j [d͡z] ji je
K k [k] ki ka
Kh kh [kʰ] khi kha
L l [l] li e-luh
M m [m] mi e-muh
N n [n] ni e-nuh
Ng ng [ŋ] ngi nge
NN nn [◌̃] inn enn
O o [o] o o
Oo oo [ɔ] oo oo
P p [p] pi pe
Ph ph [pʰ] phi phe
S s [s] si e-suh
T t [t] ti te
Th th [tʰ] thi the
Ts ts [t͡s] tsi tse
Tsh tsh [t͡sʰ] tshi tshe
U u [u] u u
  • "nn" is only used after a vowel to express nasalization, so it only appears capitalized in all-caps texts.
  • Palatalization occurs when "j, s, ts, tsh" are followed by "i", so "ji, si, tsi, tshi" are sometimes governed as trigraphs and tetragraphs.
  • Of the 10 unused basic Latin letters, "R" is sometimes used to express dialectal vowels (somewhat similar to erhua), while the others (C, D, F, Q, V, W, X, Y, Z) are only used in loanwords.

Sample texts

Tâi-lô
Pe̍h-uē-jī (PUJ) sī tsı̍t khuán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phìng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-uân ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-uī tong-tshoo sī thuân-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, sóo-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā PUJ kiò-tsò Kàu-huē Lô-má-jī, hı̍k-tsiá sī kán-tshing Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-tsiá bē-tsió m̄-sī kàu-tôo, kàu-tôo mā tsin tsē bē-hiáu PUJ.
Pe̍h-ōe-jī
Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ) sī chı̍t khoán iōng Latin (Lô-má) phèng-im hē-thóng lâi siá Tâi-ôan ê gí-giân ê su-bīn bûn-jī. In-ūi tong-chho͘ sī thôan-kàu-sū ín--jı̍p-lâi ê, só͘-í ia̍h-ū-lâng kā POJ kiò-chò Kàu-hōe Lô-má-jī, he̍k-chiá sī kán-chheng Kàu-lô. Put-jî-kò hiān-tāi ê sú-iōng-chiá bē-chió m̄-sī kàu-tô͘, kàu-tô͘ mā chin chē bē-hiáu POJ.
Hàn-jī
白話字（POJ）是一款用拉丁（羅馬）拼音系統來寫臺灣的語言的書面文字。因為當初是傳教士引入來的，所以也有人共POJ叫做教會羅馬字，或者是簡稱教羅。不而過現代的使用者袂少毋是教徒，教徒嘛真濟袂曉POJ。
IPA
[peʔued͡ʑi (pi o d͡ʑe) ɕi t͡ɕiʔkʰuan ioŋ latin (loma) pʰiŋim hetʰoŋ lai ɕa taiuan e gigiɛn e subin bund͡ʑi ‖ inui toŋt͡sɔ ɕi tʰuankausu ind͡ʑiʔlai e sɔi iaʔulaŋ ka pi o d͡ʑi kiot͡so kauhue lomad͡ʑi hiʔt͡ɕia ɕi kant͡ɕʰiŋ kaulo ‖ puʔd͡ʑiko hiɛntai e suioŋt͡ɕia bet͡ɕio m̩ɕi kautɔ kautɔ ma t͡ɕin t͡se behiau pi o d͡ʑi ‖]

Values

Consonants

Initials
Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Velar Glottal
Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless
Nasal m [m]
ㄇ 毛(moo)		 n [n]
ㄋ 耐(nāi)		 ng [ŋ]
ㄫ 雅(ngá)
Plosive Unaspirated p [p]
ㄅ 邊(pian) 		b [b]
ㆠ 文(bûn) 		t [t]
ㄉ 地(tē)		 k [k]
ㄍ 求(kiû) 		g [g]
ㆣ 語(gí)
Aspirated ph [pʰ]
ㄆ 波(pho)		 th [tʰ]
ㄊ 他(thann)		 kh [kʰ]
ㄎ 去(khì)
Affricate Unaspirated ts [ts]
ㄗ 曾(tsan) 		j [dz]
ㆡ 熱(jua̍h) 		tsi [tɕ]
ㄐ 尖(tsiam) 		ji [dʑ]
ㆢ 入(ji̍p)
Aspirated tsh [tsʰ]
ㄘ 出(tshut)		 tshi [tɕʰ]
ㄑ 手(tshiú)
Fricative s [s]
ㄙ 衫(sann)		 si [ɕ]
ㄒ 寫(siá)		 h [h]
ㄏ 喜(hí)
Lateral l [l] ~ [ɾ]
ㄌ 柳(liú)
Finals
Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal consonant -m [m]
ㆬ		 -n [n]
ㄣ 		-ng [ŋ]
ㆭ
Stop consonant -p [p̚]
ㆴ		 -t [t̚]
ㆵ		 -k [k̚]
ㆶ		 -h [ʔ]
ㆷ
Syllabic consonant
Bilabial Velar
Nasal m [m̩]
ㆬ 姆(ḿ)		 ng [ŋ̍]
ㆭ 酸(sng)

Vowels & Rhymes

Simple & Nasal
Front Central Back
Simple Nasal Simple Nasal Simple Nasal
Close i [i]
ㄧ 衣(i) 		inn [ĩ]
ㆪ 圓(înn)		 u [u]
ㄨ 污(u) 		unn [ũ]
ㆫ 張(tiunn)
Mid e [e]
ㆤ 禮(lé) 		enn [ẽ]
ㆥ 生(senn) 		o[ə]
ㄜ 高(ko)		 oo [ɔ]
ㆦ 烏(oo) 		onn [ɔ̃]
ㆧ 翁(onn)
Open a [a]
ㄚ 查(tsa) 		ann [ã]
ㆩ 衫(sann)
Dialect
Tâi-lô IPA Bopomofo
ir [ɨ] ㆨ
er [ə] ㄜ
ee [ɛ] ㄝ
ere [əe] ㄜㆤ[a]
Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive
[m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ]
[a] a ann am an ang ap at ak ah annh
[ai] ai ainn aih ainnh
[au] au auh
[e] e enn eh ennh
[i] i inn im in ing ip it ik ih innh
[ia] ia iann iam ian iang iap iat iak iah iannh
[iau] iau iaunn iauh
[iə] io ioh
[iɔ] iong iok
[iu] iu iunn iuh iunnh
Vowel(s) Open syllabus Nasal Plosive
[m] [n] [ŋ] [p̚] [t̚] [k̚] [ʔ]
[ə] o oh
[ɔ] oo onn om ong op ok ooh onnh
[u] u un ut uh
[ua] ua uann uan uat uah
[uai] uai uainn
[ue] ue ueh
[ui] ui
[m̩] m － mh
[ŋ̍] ng － ngh
  • ing pronounced [ɪəŋ], ik pronounced [ɪək̚].

Tones

Tone No. 1 2 (= 6) 3 4 5 7 8
Name 陰平 上聲 陰去 陰入 陽平 陽去 陽入
im-pîng siōng-siann im-khì im-ji̍p iông-pîng iông-khì iông-ji̍p
Symbol None Acute Grave None (-p, -t, -k, -h) Circumflex macron Vertical line above (-p, -t, -k, -h)
◌ ◌́ ◌̀ ◌ ◌̂ ◌̄ ◌̍
Pitch ˥ ˥˩ ˧˩ ˧ʔ ˨˦ ˧ ˥ʔ
55 51 31 3ʔ 24 33 5ʔ
Example tong (東) tóng (黨) tòng (棟) tok (督) tông (同) tōng (洞) to̍k (毒)

A hyphen links elements of a compound word. A double hyphen indicates that the following syllable has a neutral tone and therefore that the preceding syllable does not undergo tone sandhi.

Licit syllables[3]
Ø b g h j k kh l m n ng p ph s t th ts tsh
a a ba ga ha ka kha la ma na nga pa pha sa ta tha tsa tsha a
ah ah bah hah kah khah lah nah pah phah sah tah thah tsah tshah ah
ai ai bai gai hai kai khai lai mai nai ngai pai phai sai tai thai tsai tshai ai
ainn ainn hainn kainn khainn phainn tainn tsainn ainn
ak ak bak gak hak kak khak lak pak phak sak tak thak tsak tshak ak
am am gam ham kam kham lam sam tam tham tsam tsham am
an an ban gan han kan khan lan pan phan san tan than tsan tshan an
ang ang bang gang hang kang khang lang pang phang sang tang thang tsang tshang ang
ann ann hann kann khann phann sann tann thann tsann tshann ann
annh hannh sannh annh
ap ap hap kap khap lap sap tap thap tsap tshap ap
at at bat hat kat khat lat pat sat tat that tsat tshat at
au au bau gau hau kau khau lau mau nau ngau pau phau sau tau thau tsau tshau au
auh kauh lauh mauh nauh phauh tauh tshauh auh
e e be ge he ke khe le me ne nge pe phe se te the tse tshe e
eh eh beh heh keh kheh leh meh neh ngeh peh seh teh theh tseh tsheh eh
enn enn henn kenn khenn penn phenn senn tenn thenn tsenn tshenn enn
ennh hennh khennh ennh
i i bi gi hi ji ki khi li mi ni pi phi si ti thi tsi tshi i
ia ia gia hia jia kia khia mia nia ngia sia tia tsia tshia ia
iah iah giah hiah kiah khiah liah piah phiah siah tiah thiah tsiah tshiah iah
iak khiak piak phiak siak tiak tshiak iak
iam iam giam hiam jiam kiam khiam liam siam tiam thiam tsiam tshiam iam
ian ian bian gian hian jian kian khian lian pian phian sian tian thian tsian tshian ian
iang iang giang hiang jiang khiang liang piang phiang siang tsiang tshiang iang
iann iann hiann kiann piann siann tiann thiann tsiann tshiann iann
iannh hiannh iannh
iap iap giap hiap jiap kiap khiap liap siap tiap thiap tsiap tshiap iap
iat iat biat giat hiat jiat kiat khiat liat piat phiat siat tiat thiat tsiat tshiat iat
iau iau biau giau hiau jiau kiau khiau liau miau niau ngiau piau phiau siau tiau thiau tsiau tshiau iau
iauh hiauh khiauh ngiauh iauh
iaunn iaunn iaunn
ih bih khih mih nih pih phih sih tih thih tsih tshih ih
ik ik bik gik hik kik lik pik phik sik tik thik tsik tshik ik
im im gim him jim kim khim lim sim tim thim tsim tshim im
in in bin gin hin jin kin khin lin pin phin sin tin thin tsin tshin in
ing ing bing ging hing king khing ling ping phing sing ting thing tsing tshing ing
inn inn hinn kinn khinn sinn tinn thinn tsinn tshinn inn
io io bio gio hio jio kio khio lio pio phio sio tio thio tsio tshio io
ioh ioh gioh hioh kioh khioh lioh sioh tioh tsioh tshioh ioh
iok iok giok hiok jiok kiok khiok liok siok tiok thiok tsiok tshiok iok
iong iong giong hiong jiong kiong khiong liong siong tiong thiong tsiong tshiong iong
ip ip hip jip kip khip lip sip tsip tship ip
it it bit hit jit kit khit pit phit sit tit tsit tshit it
iu iu biu giu hiu jiu kiu khiu liu niu piu siu tiu thiu tsiu tshiu iu
iunn iunn hiunn kiunn khiunn siunn tiunn tsiunn tshiunn iunn
iunnh iunnh hiunnh iunnh
m m hm m
mh hmh mh
ng ng hng kng khng mng nng png sng tng thng tsng tshng ng
ngh hngh phngh sngh tshngh ngh
o o bo go ho ko kho lo po pho so to tho tso tsho o
oh oh hoh koh loh poh phoh soh toh thoh tsoh tshoh oh
ok ok bok gok hok kok khok lok pok phok sok tok thok tsok tshok ok
om om som tom om
ong ong bong gong hong kong khong long pong phong song tong thong tsong tshong ong
onn onn honn konn onn
onnh onnh honnh onnh
oo oo boo goo hoo koo khoo loo moo noo ngoo poo phoo soo too thoo tsoo tshoo oo
ooh mooh ooh
u u bu gu hu ju ku khu lu pu phu su tu thu tsu tshu u
ua ua bua gua hua kua khua lua mua nua pua phua sua tua thua tsua tshua ua
uah uah buah huah juah kuah khuah luah puah phuah suah thuah tsuah tshuah uah
uai uai huai kuai khuai suai uai
uainn uainn huainn kuainn suainn tsuainn uainn
uan uan buan guan huan kuan khuan luan puan phuan suan tuan thuan tsuan tshuan uan
uang uang tshuang uang
uann uann huann kuann khuann puann phuann suann tuann thuann tshuann uann
uat uat buat guat huat kuat khuat luat puat phuat suat tuat thuat tsuat uat
ue ue bue gue hue jue kue khue lue pue phue sue tue tsue tshue ue
ueh ueh bueh gueh hueh kueh khueh pueh phueh sueh ueh
uh uh khuh puh phuh tuh thuh tsuh tshuh uh
ui ui bui gui hui kui khui lui mui pui phui sui tui thui tsui tshui ui
un un bun gun hun jun kun khun lun pun phun sun tun thun tsun tshun un
ut ut but hut kut khut lut put phut sut tut thut tsut tshut ut
Ø b g h j k kh l m n ng p ph s t th ts tsh

Computing

Unicode codepoints

The following are tone characters and their respective Unicode codepoints used in Tâi-lô. The tones used by Tâi-lô should use Combining Diacritical Marks instead of Spacing Modifier Letters used by bopomofo.[4][5] As Tâi-lô is not encoded in Big5, the prevalent encoding used in Traditional Chinese, some Taiwanese Romanization System letters are not directly encoded in Unicode, instead should be typed using combining diacritical marks officially.[6]

Tâi-lô tone characters[1]
Base letter/Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 Tone 5 Tone 6 Tone 7 Tone 8 Tone 9
Combining mark ́ (U+0301) ̀ (U+0300) h ̂ (U+0302) ̌ (U+030C) ̄ (U+0304) ̍h (U+030D) ̋ (U+030B)
Uppercase A Á (U+00C1) À (U+00C0) AH Â (U+00C2) Ǎ (U+01CD) Ā (U+0100) A̍H (U+0041 U+030D) A̋ (U+0041 U+030B)
E É (U+00C9) È (U+00C8) EH Ê (U+00CA) Ě (U+011A) Ē (U+0112) E̍H (U+0045 U+030D) E̋ (U+0045 U+030B)
I Í (U+00CD) Ì (U+00CC) IH Î (U+00CE) Ǐ (U+01CF) Ī (U+012A) I̍H (U+0049 U+030D) I̋ (U+0049 U+030B)
O Ó (U+00D3) Ò (U+00D2) OH Ô (U+00D4) Ǒ (U+01D1) Ō (U+014C) O̍H (U+004F U+030D) Ő (U+0150)
U Ú (U+00DA) Ù (U+00D9) UH Û (U+00DB) Ǔ (U+01D3) Ū (U+016A) U̍H (U+0055 U+030D) Ű (U+0170)
M Ḿ (U+1E3E) M̀ (U+004D U+0300) MH M̂ (U+004D U+0302) M̌ (U+004D U+030C) M̄ (U+004D U+0304) M̍H (U+004D U+030D) M̋ (U+004D U+030B)
N Ń (U+0143) Ǹ (U+01F8) NH N̂ (U+004E U+0302) Ň (U+0147) N̄ (U+004E U+0304) N̍H (U+004E U+030D) N̋ (U+004E U+030B)
Lowercase a á (U+00E1) à (U+00E0) ah â (U+00E2) ǎ (U+01CE) ā (U+0101) a̍h (U+0061 U+030D) a̋ (U+0061 U+030B)
e é (U+00E9) è (U+00E8) eh ê (U+00EA) ě (U+011B) ē (U+0113) e̍h (U+0065 U+030D) e̋ (U+0065 U+030B)
i í (U+00ED) ì (U+00EC) ih î (U+00EE) ǐ (U+01D0) ī (U+012B) i̍h (U+0069 U+030D) i̋ (U+0069 U+030B)
o ó (U+00F3) ò (U+00F2) oh ô (U+00F4) ǒ (U+01D2) ō (U+014D) o̍h (U+006F U+030D) ő (U+0151)
u ú (U+00FA) ù (U+00F9) uh û (U+00FB) ǔ (U+01D4) ū (U+016B) u̍h (U+0075 U+030D) ű (U+0171)
m ḿ (U+1E3F) m̀ (U+006D U+0300) mh m̂ (U+006D U+0302) m̌ (U+006D U+030C) m̄ (U+006D U+0304) m̍h (U+006D U+030D) m̋ (U+006D U+030B)
n ń (U+0144) ǹ (U+01F9) nh n̂ (U+006E U+0302) ň (U+0148) n̄ (U+006E U+0304) n̍h (U+006E U+030D) n̋ (U+006E U+030B)
Notes
1.^ Yellow cells indicate that there are no single Unicode character for that letter; the character shown here uses Combining Diacritical Mark characters to display the letter.[5]

Characters not directly encoded in Unicode requires premade glyphs in fonts in order for applications to correctly display the characters.[5]

Font support

Fonts that currently support POJ includes:

Notes

  1. ^ In version of Ngoo Siu-le [zh], /ɘe/ [ere] is spelled as [oe] while the Phonetic Symbol "ㄜ" is replaced with "".

Words in native languages

  1. ^

References

  1. ^ "Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn" 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 [Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization Solution] (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese). 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2019 – via language.moe.edu.tw.
  2. ^ Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 [Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System] (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese) (2nd ed.). Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2008 [first edition 2007]. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8.
  3. ^ Táiwān mǐnnányǔ luómǎzì pīnyīn fāng'àn shǐyòng shǒucè 臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案使用手冊 [Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System] (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese). Ministry of Education (Taiwan). 2007. ISBN 978-986-00-7755-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-11-18. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
  4. ^ aiongg (2020-11-22). "aiongg/POJFonts". GitHub - POJ Fonts. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  5. ^ a b c d Tseng Gorong (2019-01-11). "談金萱的台羅變音符號設計". justfont blog (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  6. ^ "FAQ - Characters and Combining Marks". unicode.org. Archived from the original on 2021-04-12. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  7. ^ Iûⁿ (2009), p. 24
  8. ^ "Fonts version 3.006 (OTF, TTF, WOFF, WOFF2, Variable)". GitHub. Adobe Systems Incorporated. 2010-09-06. Archived from the original on 2020-12-24. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  9. ^ Iûⁿ, Ún-giân (2009). Processing Techniques for Written Taiwanese – Tone Sandhi and POS Tagging (PhD). National Taiwan University. p. 20. OCLC 367595113.

External links

  • 臺灣閩南語羅馬拼音及其發音學習網 (in Chinese), Taiwanese Romanization System (Tai-lo) learning site by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan