Thadou language
Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India
| Thadou–Kuki | |
|---|---|
| Thado Chin, Thadou, Kuki | |
| Thadoupao | |
| Native to | India |
| Region | Manipur |
| Ethnicity | Kuki people, natively to the Thadou tribe. |
Native speakers | 350,000 (2011–2017)[1] |
Language family | Sino-Tibetan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | tcz |
| Glottolog | thad1238 |
| ELP | Thado Chin |
Thadou or Thado Chin is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Northern Kuki-Chin sub-branch. It is spoken by the Thadou people in Northeast India (specifically in Manipur and Assam).[2] The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.[3]
The language is known by many names, including Thado, Thado-Pao, Thado-Ubiphei, Thādo, Thaadou Kuki, or just Kuki or Chin.
There are several dialects of this language: Hangshing, Khongsai, Kipgen, Saimar, Langiung, Sairang, Thangngeo, Haokip, Sitlhou, Singson (Shingsol).[1] The Saimar dialect was reported in the Indian press in 2012 to be spoken by only four people in one village in the state of Tripura.[4] The variety spoken in Manipur has partial mutual intelligibility with the other Mizo-Kuki-Chin languages varieties of the area including Paite, Hmar, Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages.[5]
Geographical distribution
Thadou is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue).
Dialects
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Thadou, the names of which mostly correspond to clan names. There is high mutual intelligibility among dialects.
- Lupho
- Lupheng
- Misao
- Hangsing
- Chongloi
- Khongsai
- Kipgen
- Langiung
- Sairang
- Thangngeo
- Haokip
- Sitlhou
- Touthang
- Haolai
- Singson (Shingsol)
- Hanghal
- Lhouvum
- Mate
- Lhungdim
- Baite
The Saimar dialect is only spoken by 4 people in one village, which is located in Tripura.[6]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ||||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Affricate | ts | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | x | h | ||
| voiced | v | z | ||||
| lateral | ɬ | |||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | |||
- /p t k/ are heard unreleased as [p̚ t̚ k̚] in word-final position.
- /ts/ is heard as more apical [ts̺] when occurring before front and central vowels.
- /x/ can have a cognate of an aspirated velar plosive [kʰ] in the dialect spoken in Burma.
- /ɬ/ can have an allophone of [l̥] in word-medial position.[7]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
References
- ^ a b Thadou–Kuki at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Mahapatra, Bijaya P.; Padmanabha, P. (December 1989). The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use : Book 2, Non-Constitutional Languages. Pr De L'Universite Laval. p. 1311. ISBN 978-2-7637-7196-0.
- ^ "Meitei | Ethnologue". Ethnologue. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
- ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
- ^ Singh, Chungkham Yashawanta (1995). "The linguistic situation in Manipur" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 18 (1): 129–134. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
- ^ "Just 4 people keep a language alive". The Hindu. 18 July 2012.
- ^ Haokip, Marykim (2014). Grammar of Thadou-Kuki: A Descriptive Study. New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.
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Further reading
Thadou language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
- Did you know Thado Chin is severely endangered? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5702
- Haokip, P. (2011). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. THE LANGUAGES OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY OF THE KUKI-CHIN-MIZO LANGUAGES*, 34.1 (April), 85-118. Retrieved 9 March 2017, from https://dx.doi.org/10.15144/LTBA-34.1.85
- History. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://thethadou.webs.com/history.htm
- "Thadou." Encyclopedia of World Cultures. . Retrieved 3 May 2017 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/thadou
- Thado Chin. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/thad1238
- Thado Chin Rosary Prayers. (n.d.). Retrieved 7 March 2017, from http://www.marysrosaries.com/Chin_Thado_prayers.html
- Thadou Kuki language. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from https://globalrecordings.net/en/language/759
- The Thadou (or Thado). (n.d.). Retrieved 9 March 2017, from http://www.myanmarburma.com/attraction/174/the-thadou-or-thado
- Where on earth do they speak Chin, Thado? (n.d.). Retrieved 10 March 2017, from http://www.verbix.com/maps/language/ChinThado.html
- St George International Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved 4 May 2017, from http://www.stgeorges.co.uk/blog/learn-english/how-many-people-in-the-world-speak-english
- v
- t
- e
Sino-Tibetan branches
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)
| Greater Magaric |
|---|
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)
| "Naga" | |
|---|---|
| Sal |
| Burmo-Qiangic |
|---|
(Arunachal)
| Greater Siangic |
|
|---|
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
