Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area

State Natural Area in Wisconsin

44°19′39″N 87°32′41″W / 44.32750°N 87.54472°W / 44.32750; -87.54472Area25 acres (10 ha)Elevation614 ft (187 m)^[1]Established1967Governing bodyWisconsin Department of Natural Resources

Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area is a site in the Wisconsin State Natural Areas Program and a unit of the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve. The site lies in the northeast corner of Manitowoc County on the shore of Lake Michigan north of Two Creeks, Wisconsin, USA. Periodically exposed in a steep lakeshore bluff is a stratum of sediment, known as the Two Creeks forest bed. It contains stumps, logs, branches, pine needles, pinecones, moss, and other forest litter and is sandwiched between layers of glacial till. This is an important site in Great Lakes geochronology because it firmly establishes the timeframe of advances and retreats during the last glacial period in this region.^[2]^[3]

As summarized in Rech and others, various studies have dated the buried logs and stumps from the Two Creeks forest using radiocarbon dating and analyzed their growth rings to determine a minimum lifespan for the forest.^[3] Initial research into the age of this buried forest indicated an calibrated age range of ~13,840–13,620 cal BP and a minimum lifespan for the forest of ~230 to 250 yr.^[4]^[5] Later research by Leavitt and others indicated a minimum lifespan of 329 yr for the Two Creeks and an age range of 13,760–13,530 cal BP.^[6]

The lower layer of glacial till was deposited during the end of the Woodfordian substage of the Wisconsin glaciation. The remains in the park demonstrate that a warmer interval, called the Twocreekan substage, followed in which the glacier retreated and a forest of spruce, pine, and hemlock grew. Then the climate cooled again and the Greatlakean substage began.^[7] A glacial tongue blocked Lake Michigan's drainage, causing the water level to rise and flood the forest, carrying in sediments which buried the forest floor. The glacier proceeded to flow over the forest, flattening it and ultimately depositing another layer of glacial till over it.^[8]

Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area is open to visitation. There is an historical marker at the location.^[9] The site has no trails or displays, but visitors can park in the northwest corner of the site and wander freely across the grounds. Collection of any material is prohibited.^[10]

References

^ "Two Creeks Buried State Forest". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 1980-08-29. Retrieved 2011-03-18.
^ Black, R.F., 1974. Geology of the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve of Wisconsin. U.S. National Park Service Scientific Monograph Series, 2, 234 pp.
^ ^a ^b Rech, J.A., Nekola, J.C. and Pigati, J.S., 2012. Radiocarbon ages of terrestrial gastropods extend duration of ice-free conditions at the Two Creeks forest bed, Wisconsin, USA. Quaternary Research, 77(2), pp.289-292.
^ Broecker, W.S. and Farrand, W.R., 1963. Radiocarbon age of the Two Creeks forest bed, Wisconsin. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74(6), pp.795-802.
^ Kaiser, K.F., 1994. Two Creeks Interstade dated through dendrochronology and AMS. Quaternary Research, 42(3), pp.288-298.
^ Leavitt, S.W., Panyushkina, I.P., Lange, T., Cheng, L., Schneider, A.F. and Hughes, J., 2007. Radiocarbon “wiggles” in great lakes wood at about 10,000 to 12,000 BP. Radiocarbon, 49(2), pp.855-864.
^ Evenson, E.B., Farrand, W.R., Eschman, D.F., Mickelson, D.M. and Maher, L.J., 1976. Greatlakean substage: a replacement for valderan substage in the lake Michigan basin. Quaternary Research, 6(3), pp.411-424.
^ Mickelson, D.M., Hooyer, T.S., Socha, B.J., Winguth, C., 2007. Late-glacial ice advances and vegetation changes in east-central Wisconsin. In: Hooyer, T.S. (Ed.), Late-Glacial History of East-Central Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Open-File Report, 2007-01. pp. 72–87.
^ "An Ancient Forest Bed". Wisconsin Historical Markers. 2013-08-31. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
^ Meyer, T., ed. Wisconsin, Naturally: A Guide to 150 Great State Natural Areas. Madison, Wisconsin, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Endangered Resources, State Natural Areas Program, 184 pp.

External links

Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
Two Creeks Buried Forest geology from the National Park Service

Continental glaciations

General

Landforms

Erosional

Depositional

Glacifluvial	Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur

North America

Greenland ice sheet

Canada	Arrowhead Provincial Park, Ontario Big Rock (glacial erratic), Alberta Cypress Hills (Canada), Saskatchewan Eramosa River, Ontario Eskers Provincial Park, British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train, Alberta Lion's Head Provincial Park, Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park, Nunavut
United States	Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area, Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies, South Dakota Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park, Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area, Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, Idaho, Oregon and Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve, Wisconsin Ice Age Trail, Wisconsin Interstate State Park, Minnesota and Wisconsin Kelleys Island, Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest, Wisconsin Lake Bonneville, Utah Lake Lahontan, Nevada Lake Missoula, Montana Mill Bluff State Park, Wisconsin Oneida Lake, New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area, Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field, Washington Yosemite National Park, California

Canada

Arrowhead Provincial Park, Ontario
Big Rock (glacial erratic), Alberta
Cypress Hills (Canada), Saskatchewan
Eramosa River, Ontario
Eskers Provincial Park, British Columbia
Foothills Erratics Train, Alberta
Lion's Head Provincial Park, Ontario
Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario
Ovayok Territorial Park, Nunavut

United
States

Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area, Wisconsin
Coteau des Prairies, South Dakota
Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin
Glacial Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin
Glacial Lakes State Park, Minnesota
Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area, Wisconsin
Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
Ice Age National Scientific Reserve, Wisconsin
Ice Age Trail, Wisconsin
Interstate State Park, Minnesota and Wisconsin
Kelleys Island, Ohio
Kettle Moraine State Forest, Wisconsin
Lake Bonneville, Utah
Lake Lahontan, Nevada
Lake Missoula, Montana
Mill Bluff State Park, Wisconsin
Oneida Lake, New York
Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area, Wisconsin
Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field, Washington
Yosemite National Park, California

Eurasia

Antarctica

Time periods

Category

Protected areas of Wisconsin

Federal

National Park Service	Apostle Islands National Lakeshore Ice Age National Scientific Reserve Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway
National Forests	Chequamegon–Nicolet
National Wildlife Refuges	Driftless Area Fox River Gravel Island Green Bay Hackmatack Horicon Marsh Necedah Trempealeau Upper Mississippi River Whittlesey Creek
National Trails	Ice Age Trail Timms Hill Trail North Country Trail
National Estuarine Research Reserves	Lake Superior
National Marine Sanctuaries	Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast
National Wild and Scenic Rivers	St. Croix River Wolf River
National Wilderness Preservation System	Blackjack Springs Gaylord Nelson Headwaters Porcupine Lake Rainbow Lake Whisker Lake Wisconsin Islands

State

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River Cliffs Brule Rush Lake Brunsweiler River and Mineral Lake Brush Creek Hemlocks Buckhorn Barrens Buena Vista Prairie Chicken Meadow Buena Vista Quarry Prairie Buffalo River Trail Prairies Butler Lake and Flynn's Spring Cady's Marsh Camp Five Lake Camp Lake and Pines Camp Nine Pines Camp Three Lake Canoe Landing Prairie Caroline Lake Carver-Roehl Woods Caryville Savanna Cassville Bluffs Castle Mound Pine Forest Catfish Eddy Terraces Cathedral Pines Catherine Lake Hemlock-Hardwoods Cave Point-Clay Banks Cedar Grove Hawk Research Station Cedarburg Beech Woods Cedarburg Bog Centennial Bedrock Glade Charles Pond Chequamegon Hardwoods Cherney Maribel Caves Cherokee Marsh Cherry Lake Sedge Meadow Chimney Rock Oak Opening Chippewa Moraine Lakes Chippewa Trail Chiwaukee Prairie Chub and Mud Lake Riverine Marsh Chub Lake Oak Savanna Clifford Messinger Dry Prairie & Savanna Preserve Clover Valley Fen Coffee Swamp Comstock Bog-Meadow Coon Creek Cliffs Coon Fork Barrens Copper Falls County Line Barrens and Forest Cranberry Creek Mound Group Crandon Ribbed Fen Crex Sand Prairie Crooked Lake Wetlands Cudahy Woods Cylon Dalles of the St. Croix River Day Lake Deansville Fen Deer Creek Tamarack Bog Deer Fly Swamp Deer Island Deer Mountain Dells of the Eau Claire River Dells of the Wisconsin River Detroit Harbor Devil's Backbone Devil's Lake Oak Forest Devine Lake & Mishonagon Creek Dewey Heights Prairie Dewey Marsh Diamond Lake Diamond Roof Doering Woods Dorothy Lake Dory's Bog and Hunt Hill Drummond Woods Dry Lake Dunbar Barrens Dunn Lake Dunnville Barrens Dupage Lake Peatlands Durst Rockshelter Dwight's Point and Pokegama Wetlands Eagle Centre Prairie Eagle Eye Eagle Oak Opening East Bluff East Fork Chippewa River East Fork of the Black River Echo Lake Eighteen Mile Creek Ekdall Wetlands Elk River Valley Ellison Bluff Emmons Creek Barrens Empire Prairies Empire Swamp English Lake Hemlocks Enterprise Hemlocks Ericson Creek Forest and Wetlands Eureka Maple Woods Europe Bay Woods Fair Meadows Fairy Chasm Fairyland Farmington Bottoms Faville Prairie Fern Dell Gorge Ferry Bluff Finnerud Pine Forest Fish Lake Meadow Fish Lake Pines Five Mile Barrens Five-Mile Bluff Prairie Flambeau River Hardwood Forest Flambeau Wetlands Flat Lake Flora Spring Pond Flume Creek Cedars Forbes Springs Fort McCoy Foulds Creek Fountain Creek Wet Prairie Fourmile Island Rookery Fox Maple Woods Franklin and Butternut Lakes Franklin Savanna French Creek Fen French Creek North Frog Lake and Pines Gasner Hollow Prairie Genesse Oak Opening and Fen Germain Hemlocks Germania Wet Prairie Ghost Lake Giant White Pine Grove Gibraltar Rock Glenn Creek Barrens Glocke Lake Gobler Lake Goose Lake Goose Lake Drumlins Gotham Jack Pine Barrens Grand Island Grandma Lake Grassy Lake Great River Trail Prairies Hagar Mountain Haley Creek Swamp Half Moon Bottoms Hanson Lake Wetlands Hardscrabble Prairie Haskell Noyes Memorial Woods Hawkins Hemlock-Hardwood Forest Hawkinson Creek Wet Prairie Haymeadow Creek Haymeadow Flowage Headwater Lakes Hedmark Pines Hemlock Draw High Cliff Escarpment Highway K Woods Hiles Wetlands Hog Island Tamaracks Hogback Prairie Holland Red Maple Swamp Holland Sand Prairie Holmboe Conifer Forest Honey Creek Hook Lake Bog Hortonville Bog Houghton Falls Hub City Bog Huiras Lake Hulburt Creek Woods Hunting River Alders Inch Lake Interstate Lowland Forest Ipswich Prairie Island Lake Hemlocks Jackson Creek Woods Jackson Harbor Ridges Jackson Marsh Jay Creek Pine Forest Jean Brunet Woods Jefferson Tamarack Swamp Johnson Falls Johnson Hill Kame Johnson Lake Barrens Jones Lake Jump River Woods Jung Hemlock-Beech Forest Kamrath Creek Forest and Fen Kangaroo Lake Karcher Springs Karner Blue Meadow Keller Whitcomb Creek Woods Kelly Lake Hemlocks Kelly Lynn Bog Kentuck Lake Kessler Railroad Prairie Ketchum Creek Pines Kettle Hole Woods Kettle Moraine Low Prairie Kettle Moraine Oak Opening Kettle Moraine Red Oaks Kewaskum Maple-Oak Woods Kickapoo Valley Reserve Kickapoo Wild Woods Kidrick Swamp Kieper Creek Kingston Pines Kinnickinnic River Gorge and Delta Kinnickinnic Wet Prairie Kirby Lake Hardwoods Kissick Alkaline Bog Lake Kohler Park Dunes Kohler-Peet Barrens Koro Prairie Koshkonong Corners Kroenke Lake Krueger Pines Kurtz Woods La Crosse River Trail Prairie LaFave Swamp Lake Alva Birch-Hemlock Lake Evelyn Lake Helane Lake Lackawanna Lake Laura Hardwoods Lake Noquebay Sedge Meadow Lake of the Pines Conifer-Hardwoods Lake Owen Hardwoods Lake Two Pines Lampson Moraine Pines LaSage Bottoms Lauterman Lake Lawin Sedge Meadow Lawrence Creek Lawrence Lake Lawrence Prairie Lawrence Lake Lemonweir Bottomland Hardwood Forest Lily Lake Lima Bog Limery Ridge Savanna Little Bear Hemlocks Little Lake Little Willow Drumlin Little Wolf River Lodde's Mill Bluff Lodi Marsh Logan Creek Loon Lake Woods Lost Canoe Lost Creek Bog Lost Lake Lost Lake Esker Lower Chippewa River Lower Narrows Lower Tomahawk River Pines LTC Old Growth Forest Lulu Lake Lunch Creek Wetlands Magnolia Bluff Maiden Rock Bluff Marinette County Beech Forest Marsh Miller Cedars Marshall's Point Martin's Woods Mary Lake Mayville Ledge Beech-Maple Woods Mazomanie Bottoms Mazomanie Oak Barrens McCarthy Lake and Cedars McCaslin Mountain McGilvra Woods Mead Conifer Bogs Meadow Valley Barrens Mecan River Pine-Oak Forest Mecan Springs Memorial Grove Hemlocks Meridian Park Midway Railroad Prairie Mill Bluff Millston Sand Barrens Millville Oak Woodlands Milwaukee River and Swamp Milwaukee River Floodplain Forest Milwaukee River Tamarack Lowlands and Dundee Kame Minito Lake Mink River Mirror Lake Pine Oak Forest Miscauno Cedar Swamp Mondeaux Hardwoods Moonlight Bay Bedrock Beach Moose Lake Moose River Cedar Hills Moquah Barrens Morgan Coulee Prairie Motts Ravine Mount Pisgah Hemlock-Hardwoods Mountain Lake Mud Lake Mud Lake - Radley Creek Savanna Mud Lake Bog Mud Lake Fen and Wet Prairie Mud Lake Forest and Ponds Muddy Creek Sedge Meadow Muehl Springs Muir Park Mukwa Bottomland Forest Mukwonago River Mullet Creek White Cedar Wetland Muralt Bluff Prairie Muskego Park Hardwoods Myklebust Lake Namekagon Barrens Namekagon Fen Natural Bridge and Rockshelter Navarino Cedar Swamp Navarino Sedge Meadow Necedah Oak-Pine Forest Necedah Oak-Pine Savanna Neda Mine Nell Lake Nelligan Lake Nelson-Trevino Bottoms Nemadji River Floodplain Forest New Auburn Sedge Meadow New Hope Pines New Munster Bog Island New Observatory Woods Newark Road Prairie Newport Conifer-Hardwoods Nichols Creek Cedars and Springs Nichols Creek East Cedars Nine Mile Island Nipissing Swamp Nixon Lake No Name Lake North Bay North Bend Wet Prairie North Branch Bottoms North Country Trail Hardwoods North Fork Eau Claire River North Fork Pines North of North Shattuck Lake North Otter Creek North Pikes Creek Boreal Forest North Pikes Creek Boreal Forest Northeast Lake Norway Point Bottomlands Nourse Sugarbush Oakfield Ledge Oakfield Railroad Prairie Observatory Hill Ohmart Wetlands Oliver Prairie Olson Oak Woods One Stone Lake Hemlocks Orion Mussel Bed Osceola Bedrock Glades Oshkosh-Larsen Trail Prairies Ottawa Lake Fen Otter Creek Oak Barrens Owl Creek Fen Savanna Oxbo Pines Oxbow Rapids Page Creek Marsh Pan Hollow Papoose Creek Pines Parfrey's Glen Parrish Oak Savanna Pat Shay Lake Patterson Hemlocks Pea Creek Sedge Meadow Peat Lake Pecatonica River Woods Peninsula Niagara Escarpment Peninsula Park Beech Forest Peninsula Park White Cedar Forest Perkinstown Hemlocks Peshtigo Brook Meadow & Woods Peshtigo Harbor Lacustrine Forest Peshtigo River Delta Marshes Pewit's Nest Pickerel Lake Pickerel Lake Fen Pine Cliff Pine Hollow Pine Island Savanna Pirus Road Swamp Plagge Woods Plainfield Tunnel Channel Lakes Pleasant Valley Conservancy Plover River Woods Plum Creek Woods Plum Lake Hemlock Forest Point Beach Ridges Pokegama Carnegie Wetlands Pope Lake Popple River Corridor Poppy's Rock Port Wing Boreal Forest Portland Maples Powers Bluff Maple Woods Priest Rock Princeton Prairie Puchyan Prairie Putnam Park Quincy Bluff and Wetlands Rainbow Wetlands Rat Lake Swamp and Popple River Headwaters Red Banks Alvar Red Cedar Lake Red Cedar River Savanna Red Oak Bottoms Reed Lake Meadow Renak-Polak Maple Beech Woods Rhine Center Bog Rib Mountain Talus Forest Rice Creek Rice Lake Richter Lake Hemlocks Richwood Bottoms Ridgeway Pine Relict Riley Lake Riveredge Creek and Ephemeral Pond Robinson Creek Pines Roche-A-Cri Mound Roche-A-Cri Woods Rock Creek Felsenmeer Rock Island Woods Rock Lake Rock River Prairie Rocky Run Oak Savanna Romance Prairie Rose Lake Rush Creek Rush Lake Rush River Delta Sajdak Springs Sand Creek Pines Sander's Park Hardwoods Sapa Spruce Bog Savage Lake Schluckebier Prairie Schmidt Maple Woods Scott Lake and Shelp Lake Scuppernong Prairie Seagull Bar Shaky Lake Shallow Lake Silver Creek and Mondeaux River Silver Lake Bog Sister Islands Skinner Creek Hardwoods Skunk and Foster Lakes Skunk Creek Woods Smith Drumlin Prairie Smith Slough and Sand Prairie Snake Creek Fen Snapper Prairie Snoose Creek Snow Bottom Snow Falls Creek Sohlberg Silver Lake Solon Springs Sharptail Barrens South Bluff/Devil's Nose South Branch Beech Grove South Fork Barrens Spaulding Fen Spider Lake Spread Eagle Barrens Spring Brook Drumlins Spring Green Preserve Spring Lake Springstead Muskeg Springvale Wet Prairie Spruce Grouse Swamp Spruce Lake Bog Spur Lake Squirrel River Pines St. Croix Ash Swamp St. Croix Islands St. Croix Seeps St. Peter's Dome Standing Cedars Starlight Wetlands Sterling Barrens Stockbridge Ledge Woods Stone Lake Pines Straight Lake Tamarack Fen Sugar Camp Hemlocks Sugar Creek Bluff Sugar River Wetlands Suk Cerney Peatlands Summerton Bog Sunrise Lake Swamp Creek Fen Swamp Lake Swan Lake Sedge Meadow and Barrens Swan Lake Tamaracks Swan Lake Wet-mesic Prairie Swenson Wet Prairie Tamarack Creek Bog Tar Dam Pines Tealey Creek Cedars Tellock's Hill Woods Texas Island Woods The Ridges Sanctuary Thornapple Hemlocks Thorp Pond Thunder Mountain Thunder River Swamp Tichigan Springs and Fen Tiffany Bottoms Toft Point Tomahawk Lake Hemlocks Totagatic Highlands Hemlocks Totogan Pines Tower Hill Bottoms Town Corner Cedars Town Line Lake and Woods Toy Lake Swamp Trade River Forest and Wetlands Tranus Lake Trempealeau Mountain Trempealeau River Meadow Trenton Bluff Prairie Trout Lake Conifer Swamp Trout River Tucker Lake Hemlocks Tula Lake Tunnel Channel Woods Tunnelville Cliffs Turtle Flambeau Peatlands Twin Lakes Bog Two Creeks Buried Forest Two Lakes Pine-Oak Forest Upper Black River Upper Brunet River Upper Buckatabon Springs Upper Fox Headwaters Upper Kaubashine Creek Upper Little Wolf Upper Nemadji River Floodplain Forest Upper Tomahawk River Pines Van Loon Floodplain Forest Van Loon Floodplain Savanna Van Vliet Hemlocks Vosse Coulee Wabikon Lake Ward/Swartz Decatur Woods Warnimont Bluff Fens Washburn Marsh Waterloo Prairie Waterloo Quartzite Outcrops Waubesa Wetlands Waupee Lake Swamp Waupun Park Maple Forest Wauzeka Bottoms Wedde Creek Savanna Weir White Oaks Wheeler Lake White Cliff Fen and Forest White River Boreal Forest White River Breaks White River Prairie Tamarack White River Sedge Meadow Whitefish Dunes Whitman Bottoms Floodplain Forest Wildcat Ridge Wilson Lake Winchester Meadow Wind Pudding Wisconsin Slough Wolf River Bottoms Woodland Dunes Woodman Lake Sand Prairie & Dead Lake Woods Creek Wyalusing Hardwood Forest Wyalusing Walnut Forest Yellow River Floodplain Forest Yellow River Ice-walled Lake Plain Yellow River Oxbows Yellowstone Savanna York Prairie Young Prairie
State Recreation Areas	Cadiz Springs Chippewa Moraine Fischer Creek Hoffman Hills Menominee River Richard Bong
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