Typhoon Melor, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Nona, was a powerful tropical cyclone that struck the Philippines in December 2015. The twenty-seventh named storm and the eighteenth typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Melor killed 51 people and caused ₱7.04 billion (US$148.3 million) in damage.
The typhoon began developing on December 7 as a low-pressure area 120 km (75 mi) of Chuuk. Soon, it intensified into a tropical depression on December 10, and then into a tropical storm south of Yap, and was named Melor. The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) initially decided to name Melor as "Nonoy", but due to political reasons, it was named "Nona" instead. On December 13, Tropical Storm Melor (Nona) became a typhoon, and made its first landfall on Northern Samar. The typhoon made several landfalls in Sorsogon, Burias Island, Romblon, and Oriental Mindoro, before weakening into a tropical storm. It turned southward on entering the South China Sea (West Philippine Sea) before weakening into a tropical depression and dissipating in the Sulu Sea.
During December 10, the Japan Meteorological Agency started to monitor a tropical depression, that had developed about 665 km (415 mi) to the south of Guam.[1][2] The system was located within a favorable environment for further development, with low vertical wind shear and sea surface temperatures of between 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[2] Moreover, the JMA started to issue tropical cyclone warnings to the system on the same day, expecting a tropical storm within 24 hours.[3] Based on a developing low-level circulation center (LLCC) obscured by the mid-level deep convection in an area of strong westward upper-level diffluence and moderate easterly vertical wind shear, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) to the system early on December 11.[4] The JMA, however, upgraded the tropical depression to a tropical storm immediately after issuing that TCFA and named it Melor, when the storm was only about 50 km (31 mi) south of Yap.[5] In the afternoon, the JTWC upgraded it to a tropical depression and designated it as 28W, just six hours before the center upgraded Melor to a tropical storm that was tracking west-northwestward along the southern periphery of a deep-layered subtropical ridge.[6]
The PAGASA was about to name the tropical storm as Nonoy, yet it was named Nona after entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility on December 12, owing to political reasons.[7] When Melor was forming an eye in the afternoon, the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm.[8][9] Due to low vertical wind shear, warm sea surface temperatures above 28°C and robust poleward outflow enhanced by a very powerful Aleutian low, Melor intensified into a typhoon early on December 13, as tightly curved spiral banding was observed wrapping into a tiny but clear eye.[10][11] The JTWC upgraded Melor to a SSHWS Category 4-equivalent typhoon at noon. Although the eye appeared to be cloud-filled temporarily, the eyewall consolidated further.[12][13] Melor made landfall over Batag Island of Laoang, Northern Samar of the Philippines at 11:00 PST (03:00 UTC) on December 14. The JMA reported a peak intensity of ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 175 km/h (110 mph) and a central pressure of 935 hPa (27.61 inHg). The typhoon formed a well-defined eye and then maintained it for several hours while crossing the northern coast of Samar.[14][15] Later, it made its second landfall over Bulusan, Sorsogon at 16:00 PST (08:00 UTC) and third landfall over Burias Island at 21:45 PST (13:45 UTC), resulting in a cloud-filled eye again.[16] Shortly after Melor made its fourth landfall over Banton Island, Romblon at 05:30 PST on December 15 (21:30 UTC on December 14), the typhoon significantly intensified again with a distinct 25-km (15-mile) eye and a compact core. Right before making its fifth landfall on Pinamalayan, Oriental Mindoro at 10:30 PST (02:30 UTC), the JTWC indicated that Melor had reached peak intensity with one-minute maximum sustained winds at 230 km/h (145 mph), just shy of the super typhoon status.[17][18]
Typhoon Melor near Mindoro on December 15
Shortly after the typhoon made its final landfall, its eye rapidly became cloud-filled. Inflow along the southwestern quadrant was forced over the mountainous central terrain of Mindoro, and strong poleward outflow was also weakening owing to the decreasing linkage to mid-latitude flow.[19] Emerging into the South China Sea and moving northwestward in the afternoon, Melor started to encounter strong vertical wind shear as well as strong northeasterly low-level flow associated with a developing cold surge.[20] Melor was downgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA and a tropical storm by the JTWC early on December 16 when the upper-level environment was deteriorating and causing the system to disintegrate, leading to the steering influence shifting to the low-level flow.[21][22] Thus, the quickly weakening storm made a U-turn and moved southward. The JMA downgraded Melor to a tropical storm at noon, although the system's convection had been sheared away from the low-level circulation center.[23][24] Several of meteorological agencies downgraded Melor to a tropical depression early on December 17, including the JMA and JTWC, who issued final warnings on the system;[25] however, satellite imageries depicted an open trough instead of a discernable LLCC.[26] The system completely dissipated in the Sulu Sea before noon.[27][28]
Preparations
Highest PSWS raised by PAGASA across the Philippines in relation to Typhoon Melor
Bicol and Eastern Visayas
In preparation for the typhoon, 700,000 residents in several provinces were evacuated.[29][30] On Albay, work on all government and private offices was suspended, except for disaster response. Classes were also suspended on most of Bicol and parts of Eastern Visayas.[31][32] A no-sail zone was implemented in areas where the typhoon was expected to pass. Many flights to areas in Bicol and Eastern Luzon were cancelled on December 14, following the approaching typhoon.[33][34] On December 13, storm signal no. 3 was raised on Catanduanes, Sorsogon, Albay, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and Samar.[35]
Southern Luzon and MIMAROPA
As the typhoon neared Northern Samar on December 14, PAGASA raised storm signal no. 2 on southern Quezon and signal no. 1 on Batangas, Cavite, Rizal, Laguna, and the rest of Quezon (including Polillo Island). Ferry services between Batangas City, Mindoro, and Caticlan were suspended when storm signal no. 1 was raised on Aklan.[36]
Catanduanes, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Albay, Sorsogon, Marinduque, Romblon, Southern Portion of Quezon, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Northern Portion of Palawan, Masbate incl. Ticao and Burias Islands
Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, Samar, Biliran
None
2
Batangas, Laguna, Bataan, Southern Portion of Zambales, Rizal, rest of Quezon including Polillo Island
Leyte
None
1
Bulacan, Tarlac, Lubang Island, Rest of Zambales, Southern Portion of Aurora, Cavite, Central Portion of Palawan including Puerto Princesa City, Metro Manila
Southern Leyte, Northern Portion of Cebu incl. Bantayan and Camotes Islands, Aklan, Capiz, Northern Portion of Negros Occidental, Northern Portion of Iloilo
Dinagat Island, Siargao Island
Impact
On December 14, Typhoon Nona (Melor) first made its first landfall on Batag Island on Northern Samar. On the same day, it made its second landfall in Sorsogon.[41]
Typhoon Nona caused most devastation in Mindoro and Romblon. Oriental Mindoro was placed under a state of calamity due to the devastation caused by the typhoon.[42]Pinamalayan in Oriental Mindoro was worst hit, with 15,000 homes destroyed, 24,000 families (108,000 people) in evacuation centers.[43]
51 people were killed during the typhoon, and damages amounted to ₱7.04 billion (US$148.3 million).[44] In Metro Manila, floods affected traffic and commuters. Water levels of reservoirs rose, especially at Angat Dam. More than 168,000 houses were damaged or destroyed. Several roads were also closed due to the typhoon.[45] More than 200,000 people stayed on evacuation centers due to the effects of the typhoon.[46] A state of calamity was declared on the whole country under Presidential Decree (P.D.) 1186 to speed up rescue, recovery, relief and rehabilitation operations following the devastation by the typhoon.[47][48]
Several areas in Central Luzon, mostly in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Isabela, and Aurora, were flooded by rain caused by Typhoon Nona.[49][50]Calumpit was heavily flooded, with floods 4 feet deep and 427 families evacuated.[51] Dams were also filled by water, almost reaching their spilling levels.[49]
Due to the severe damage caused by the typhoon, the name Melor was retired at the Fourth Joint Session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee and WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones during 2016. In February 2017, they chose the name Cempaka to replace Melor.[52] PAGASA announced that they had retired Nona from the rotating lists of tropical cyclone names in the Philippines. On January 20, 2016, the name Nimfa was chosen to supplant both Nona and Nonoy for the 2019 season.[53][54]
^Typhoon Melor (RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track). Japan Meteorological Agency. January 21, 2016. Archived from the original on January 23, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ ab"Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans December 10, 2015 06z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 10, 2015. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 101200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 110600". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 02". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^ ab"Tropical storm enters PAR, named 'Nona' instead of 'Nonoy'". Sun Star. Manila, Philippines. December 12, 2015. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 06". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 121500". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 07". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 130000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 009". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 140000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 14". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"SitRep No.19 re Preparedness Measures and Effects of Typhoon NONA (I.N. MELOR)" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 24, 2015. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 15". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 16". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 18". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 160300". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 20". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 161200". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 21". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory 170000". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Tropical Depression 28W (Melor) Warning Nr 023". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2015-12-17T06:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2015-12-17T12:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
^"Philippines evacuate 700,000 due to Typhoon Nona". Rappler. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^Marasigan, Fernan; Garcia, Rhaydz B.; Vergara, Benjie L.; Cueto, Francis Earl A.; Hilario, Ritchie A. (December 14, 2015). "700000 flee 'Nona'". manilatimes.net. AFP and others. The Manila Times. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"#WALANGPASOK : Nona suspends classes in Bicol, Eastern Visayas areas on Monday, Dec. 14". Interaksyon.com. News5. December 13, 2015. Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^"Classes in all levels in 4 provinces suspended as Nona nears". CNN Philippines. December 14, 2015. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^"Cancelled flights due to Typhoon Nona". Rappler.com. Rappler. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^Lopa, Richie (December 14, 2015). "CANCELLED FLIGHTS : Typhoon Nona causes flight cancellations to Bicol, Eastern Visayas". Interakson.com. News5. Archived from the original on July 21, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"Nona intensifies; more areas under storm signals". Rappler. December 13, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"Caticlan boat and RO-RO trip to Boracay, Mindoro, Batangas suspended due to typhoon Nona". Interaksyon.com. No. December 14, 2015. News5. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"MMDA on yellow alert over 'Nona'". Philstar.com. The Philippine Star. December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^"Typhoon Nona weakens, makes landfall in Oriental Mindoro". CNN Philippines. December 15, 2015. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"Nona to hit Sorsogon; signal #1 up in Metro Manila". Rappler. December 14, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"Class suspensions on Dec. 16 due to Nona". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"Typhoon Nona makes second landfall in Sorsogon". Rappler.com. Rappler. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^Virona, Madonna (December 16, 2015). "Oriental Mindoro under state of calamity". Inquirer.net. Inquirer Southern Luzon. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
^"Typhoon Nona turns Pinamalayan town in Oriental Mindoro into wasteland". GMA News Online. GMA News. December 18, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"FINAL_REPORT_re_Effects_of_Typhoon_NONA" (PDF). July 5, 2016.[permanent dead link]
^"Over 200,000 people still displaced due to Nona". GMA News Online. GMA News. December 20, 2015. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^Alvarez, Kathrina Charmaine (December 18, 2015). "PNoy declares state of national calamity due to Nona". GMA News Online. GMA News. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"PNoy declares state of national calamity due to 'Nona'". Sun Star Manila. Sun Star Publishing. Sun Star. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^ ab"Floods swamp Luzon; dams full". newsinfo.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 18, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^"57 villages in Central Luzon still under floodwaters due to Nona". Manilatimes.net. The Manila Times. December 17, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
^De Vera, Ellalyn B.; Avendaño, Ariel P.; Lazaro, Freddie G.; Alcayde, Jerry J. (December 20, 2015). "'Onyok' triggers floods, landslides". mb.com.ph. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
^"PHL ends 2015 with less typhoons; to decommission 2 killer cyclones". Philstar.com (Press release). The Philippine Star. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
^"Sitrep No.18 re Effects of TY NONA (MELOR)" (PDF). National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. December 23, 2015. p. 63. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Melor (2015).
JMA General Information of Typhoon Melor (1527) from Digital Typhoon
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
