Uma language
Austronesian language spoken in Sulawesi, Indonesia
| Uma | |
|---|---|
| Pipikoro | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Sulawesi |
Native speakers | (20,000 cited 1990)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ppk |
| Glottolog | umaa1242 |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Uma (known natively as Pipikoro) is an Austronesian language spoken in Central and South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) | Retroflex | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | ||
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | |||
| prenasalized | ᵐp | ⁿt | ⁿtʃ | ᵑk | |||
| Fricative | β | s | h | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | (ɭ) | ||||
Notes:
- /h/ acts as a nasal in some respects and causes the nasalization of non-front vowels (e.g., [hampulu'] 'ten'→/haᵐpuluʔ/ with nasal vowels).
- /l/ is realized as retroflex [ɭ] contiguous to non-front vowels.
- /ʔ/ is neutralized word-initially, and is the only consonant that can occur in the coda or word-finally.[2]
- In the Lincio variety of Central Uma, /ⁿtʃ/ is pronounced /ns/.
- The semivowel [j] is rare, found mainly in loan words.
- The affricate /tʃ/ is found only following /n/, i.e., in the prenasalized stop /ⁿtʃ/.
Orthographic notes:
- /β/ is 'w'
- /ɲ/ is 'ny'
- /ŋ/ is 'ng'
- /j/ is 'y'
- /dʒ/ is 'j'
- /tʃ/ is 'c'
- /ʔ/ is an apostrophe or simply 'ʔ'
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
Pronouns
| Free | ABS | ERG | GEN | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1P (SG) | akuʔ | -a | ku- | -ku | ||||
| 1P (PL.ex) | kaiʔ | -kai | ki- | -kai | ||||
| 1P (PL.in) | kitaʔ | -ta | ta- | -ta | ||||
| 2P (SG) | iko | -ko | nu- | -nu | ||||
| 2P (PL) | koiʔ | -koi | ni- | -ni | ||||
| 3P (SG) | hiʔa | -i | na- | -na | ||||
| 3P (PL) | hiraʔ | -ra | ra- | -ra | ||||
Notes:[2]
- ABS refers to pronominals in the absolutive case, while ERG refers to the ergative and GEN to the genitive.
- 1P means 'first person,' 2P means 'second person,' and 3P means 'third person.'
- (SG) means 'singular' and (PL) means 'plural.' (PL.ex) means 'plural exclusive' and (PL.in) means 'plural inclusive.'
- [∅-] means that ∅ is a proclitic.
- [-∅] means that ∅ is an enclitic.
- In the Tobaku, Tolee', and Winatu dialects, the possessives [-nu] and [-ni] are [-mu] and [-mi] respectively.
- In the Tolee' and Winatu dialects, the absolutives [-kai] and [-koi] are [-kami] and [-komi] respectively. The free forms [kaiʔ] and [koiʔ] are [kamiʔ] and [komiʔ] respectively.
Numerals
The cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 are:
- isaʔ
- dua
- tolu
- opoʔ
- lima
- ono
- pitu
- walu
- sio
- hampuluʔ
Classification of Uma varieties
Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) recognizes seven dialects of Uma.
- Bana
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
- Kantewu (= Central Uma)
- Aria (= Southern Uma)
- Tobaku (= Ompa, Dompa, Western Uma)
- Tolee' (= Eastern Uma)
- Winatu (= Northern Uma)
Martens (2014) recognized six major dialects of Uma,[3] noting that the Tori'untu dialect is nearly extinct due to the encroachment of the Kantewu dialect and non-Uma languages.
- Kantewu (= Central)
- Southern
- Tolee'
- Tobaku
- Winatu
- Tori'untu
Martens also identifies two dialects closely related to Uma spoken in the Pasangkayu Regency.
- Sarudu
- Benggaulu (= Bingkolu)
References
- ^ Uma at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Martens 1988a, p. 168
- ^ Martens, Michael P. (2014), Uma Dialect Word Lists, Sulawesi Language Alliance, pp. 1–2
Bibliography
- Martens, Michael (1988a). "Notes on Uma Verbs". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 167–237. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.167. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
- Martens, Martha A.; Martens, Michael P. (1988). "Some Notes on the Inelegant Glottal: A Problem in Uma Phonology". In Steinhauer, H. (ed.). Papers in Western Austronesian Linguistics No. 4. Pacific Linguistics Series A – No. 79. Canberra: The Australian National University. pp. 279–281. doi:10.15144/PL-A79.279. hdl:1885/145108. ISBN 0-85883-3832.
- v
- t
- e
| Bungku–Tolaki | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muna–Buton | |||||||
| Saluan–Banggai | |||||||
| Tomini–Tolitoli * | |||||||
| Kaili–Wolio * |
| ||||||
- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
