Underwater hockey in Australia

History and organisation of the sport in Australia

Victoria versus Western Australia at the 2004 Nationals in Tasmania, Australia.

Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966 and is played in most states and territories. As of September 2013, Australia has been very successful at the international level finishing in the top three 43 times including being the world champion in various divisions 23 times out of 53 appearances at 17 international events.

History

Underwater hockey has been played in Australia since 1966. Its introduction is attributed to Norm Leibeck, an Australian who returned from Canada both with Marlene, his Canadian bride, and a recently-acquired knowledge of underwater hockey then known as Octopush. The first Australian Underwater Hockey Championships was held in 1975 at Margaret River, Western Australia as part of the Australian Skindiving Convention (now called the Australian Underwater Championships). A Women's division was added to the championships in 1981 and a Junior division commenced in 1990.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Governance

The peak body is the Underwater Hockey Commission (known as Underwater Hockey Australia) of the Australian Underwater Federation (AUF). There are state commissions in all states and territories with the exception of the Northern Territory. Underwater hockey has a coaching stream as part of the AUF's coaching program in underwater sport with two levels being accredited with the Australian Government's National Coaching Accreditation Scheme (NCAS).^[4]^[5]

Domestic competitions

Underwater hockey is played at venues in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia.^[6] The national championships are held annually and as an event separate from the Australian Underwater Championships since 1994.^[7]^[8]

As of 2017, the Australia nationals have six separate divisions based on age and gender – Under 15, Under 19 Mixed, Under 19 Women's, Masters, Elite Women's and Elite Men's.^[9]

National team

Australia has played at world level since the inaugural world championship event in 1980 including hosting events in Brisbane during 1982, Adelaide during 1986 and Hobart during 2000. Australia did not send teams to the 15th CMAS World Championship in 2007 or to the 16th CMAS World Championship in 2009.^[10]^[11]^[12]

Australia's placings in world championships

Year	Championship	Location event	Men (M)	Women (W)	Masters	W masters	Under 19 Open	M Under 19	W Under 19	M Under 23	W Under 23
1980	1st CMAS World Championship	Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada^[13]	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1982	2nd CMAS World Championship	Brisbane, Australia^[14]	1	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1984	3rd CMAS World Championship	Chicago, United States^[15]^[16]	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1986	4th CMAS World Championship	Adelaide, Australia^[17]	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1988	5th CMAS World Championship	Amersfoort, Netherlands^[18]	1	3	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1990	6th CMAS World Championship	Montreal, Quebec, Canada^[19]	1	1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
1992	7th CMAS World Championship	Wellington, New Zealand^[20]	1	2	1	-	-	-	-	-	-
1994	8th CMAS World Championship	Grand Couronne, France^[21]	1	1	3	-	-	-	-	-	-
1996	9th CMAS World Championship	Durban, South Africa^[22]	1	2	2	-	-	-	-	-	-
1998	10th CMAS World Championship	San José, United States^[23]	3	2	4	-	-	-	-	-	-
2000	11th CMAS World Championship	Hobart, Australia^[24]	1	1	1	2	-	-	-	-	-
2002	12th CMAS World Championship	Calgary, Alberta, Canada^[25]	1	1	5	2	-	-	-	-	-
2004	13th CMAS World Championship	Christchurch, New Zealand^[26]	2	3	2	2	3	-	-	-	-
2006	14th CMAS World Championship	Sheffield, United Kingdom^[27]^[28]	4	1	6	-	-	-	-	-	-
2008	1st WAA World Championships	Durban, South Africa^[29]^[30]	4	1	2	-	5	-	-	-	-
2011	17th CMAS World Championship	Coimbra, Portugal^[31]^[32]	1	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
2013	18th CMAS World Championship	Eger, Hungary^[33]	3	4	1	1	-	4	4	2	-
2016	19th CMAS World Championship	Stellenbosch, South Africa^[34]	1	6	1	1	-	-	-	-	-

References

^ Quilford, R. (17 December 2007). "Breath-taking fun for anyone". The Age. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS RESULTS". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
^ "The History of Underwater Hockey in Australia". BBC News. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
^ Australian Underwater Federation. School Snorkelling Programme; Poole, Frank, 1938- (1985), Standards and procedures handbook / compiled by Frank Poole, Australian Underwater Federation{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "SNORKELLING CURRICULUM DOCUMENTATION AND RISK MANAGEMENT PLANS". Sport Swimming And Aquatics Unit, South Australian Government Department of Education and Children's Services. February 2011. p. 10. Retrieved 15 August 2013.^{[dead link]}
^ "UNDERWATER HOCKEY AROUND AUSTRALIA". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS RESULTS". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "Australian Spearfishing Championship results 1953-2012". Australian Underwater Federation Spearfishing Commission. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "AUSTRALIAN UNDERWATER HOCKEY CHAMPIONSHIPS 2013 – HOBART, TASMANIA". Underwater Hockey Australia. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
^ "1st CMAS World Games Underwater Hockey Tournament Bari, Italy – 31st July to 4th August 2007". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2nd CMAS WORLD GAMES UNDERWATER HOCKEY TOURNAMENT Kranj, Slovinia – 21st to 29th August 2009". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "KRANJ 16th CMAS UNDERWATER HOCKEY WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP". CMAS. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "1980 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "1982 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Brisbane, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "1984 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Chicago, United States Of America". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "UNDERWATER HOCKEY World titles won by Australian teams". The Canberra Times. 8 May 1984. p. 23. Retrieved 20 September 2013 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "1986 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Adelaide, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "1988 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Amersfoort, Netherlands". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "1990 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Montreal, Quebec, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "1992 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Wellington, New Zealand". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "1994 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Amersfoort, Netherlands". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "1996 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Durban, South Africa<". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "1998 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – San Jose, United States Of America". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2000 World Underwater Hockey Championship Finals – Hobart, Australia". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2002 World Underwater Hockey Championship Final – Calgary, Alberta, Canada". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2004 World Underwater Hockey Championship FINAL – Christchurch, New Zealand, 22nd to 31st March 2004". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2006 – 14th World Underwater Hockey Championship Final – Sheffield, United Kingdom 15th August to 24th August 2006". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "2006 CMAS Underwater Hockey World Championships, Sheffield, UK (Official Website)". 2006 World Championship Committee. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
^ "World Championship results". World Aquachallenge Association. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
^ "2008 – 15th World Underwater Hockey Championship (sic) Durban, Natal, South Africa. 25th April – 3rd May 2008". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "3rd CMAS World Underwater Hockey Games (17th World Championship) Elite Teams Tournament Coimbra, Portugal, 16th to 27th August 2011". underwaterhockey-archive.com. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "17th Underwater Hockey World Championship". CMAS. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ "18th CMAS UWH World Championship 2013-Eger Results". Hungarian Divers Federation. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
^ "Final Results 19th CMAS Underwater Hockey World Championship. South Africa 2016". sportalsub.net. 2 April 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2016.

External links

AUF Underwater Hockey homepage
Underwater Hockey Australia – Official website of the Australian Underwater Hockey Commission

Underwater diving

Diving equipment

Basic equipment

Breathing gas

Buoyancy and
trim equipment

Buoyancy compensator
- Power inflator
- Dump valve
- Variable buoyancy pressure vessel
Diving weighting system
- Ankle weights
- Integrated weights
- Trim weights
- Weight belt

Decompression
equipment

Diving suit

Helmets
and masks

Instrumentation

Mobility
equipment

Safety
equipment

Alternative air source
- Octopus regulator
- Pony bottle
Bolt snap
Buddy line
Dive light
Diver's cutting tool
- Diver's knife
Diver's telephone
Through-water communications
- Underwater acoustic communication
Diving bell
Diving safety harness
Emergency gas supply
- Bailout block
- Bailout bottle
Lifeline
- Screw gate carabiner
Emergency locator beacon
Rescue tether
Safety helmet
Shark-proof cage
Snoopy loop
Navigation equipment

Underwater
breathing
apparatus

Open-circuit scuba	Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder
Diving rebreathers	Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva
Surface-supplied diving equipment	Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress

Diving
equipment
manufacturers

Diving support equipment

Access equipment

Boarding stirrup
Diver lift
Diving bell
Diving ladder
Diving platform (scuba)
Diving stage
Downline
Jackstay
Launch and recovery system
Messenger line
Moon pool

Breathing gas
handling

Decompression
equipment

Air-lock
Built-in breathing system
Decompression tables
Diving bell
- Bell cursor
- Closed bell
- Clump weight
- Launch and recovery system
- Wet bell
Diving chamber
Diving stage
Recreational Dive Planner
Saturation system

Platforms

Dive boat
Diving support vessel
- HMS Challenger (K07)

Underwater habitat	Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat

Remotely operated
underwater vehicles

Safety equipment

General

Diving spread
- Air spread
- Saturation spread
Hot water system
Sonar
- Underwater acoustic positioning system
- Underwater acoustic communication

Freediving

Activities	Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting
Competitions	Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins
Equipment	Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap
Freedivers	Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova
Hazards	Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia
Historical	Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming
Organisations	AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International

Professional diving

Occupations

Military
diving

Army engineer diver
Canadian Armed Forces Divers
Clearance diver
Frogman
Minentaucher
Royal Navy ships diver
United States military divers
- U.S. Navy diver
- U.S.Navy master diver

Military
diving
units

Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)
Commando Hubert
Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)
Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei
Decima Flottiglia MAS
Frogman Corps (Denmark)
Fuerzas Especiales
Fukuryu
GRUMEC
Grup Gerak Khas
Jagdkommando
JW Formoza
JW GROM
JW Komandosów
Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine
KOPASKA
MARCOS
Marine Commandos
Marinejegerkommandoen
Marine Raider Regiment
Minedykkerkommandoen
Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit
Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)
Naval Service Diving Section
Naval Special Operations Command
Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)
Royal Engineers
Russian commando frogmen
Sappers Divers Group
Shayetet 13
Special Air Service
Special Air Service Regiment
Special Actions Detachment
Special Boat Service
Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)
Special Forces Command (Turkey)
Special Forces Group (Belgium)
Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)
Special Service Group (Navy)
Special Warfare Diving and Salvage
Tactical Divers Group
US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance
US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions
US Navy SEALs
Underwater Construction Teams
Underwater Demolition Command
Underwater Demolition Team
Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
UNGERIN

Underwater
work

Salvage diving	SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa

Diving
contractors

Tools and
equipment

Abrasive waterjet
Airlift
Baited remote underwater video
In-water surface cleaning
- Brush cart
- Cavitation cleaning
- Pressure washing
- Pigging
Lifting bag
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Thermal lance
Tremie
Water jetting

Underwater
weapons

Underwater firearm	Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06

Recreational diving

Specialties	Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving
Diver organisations	British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP)
Diving tourism industry	Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam
Diving events and festivals	Diversnight Underwater Bike Race

Diving safety

Diving
hazards

List of diving hazards and precautions
Environmental
- Current
- Delta-P
- Entanglement hazard
- Overhead
- Silt out
- Wave action
Equipment
Physiological
- Cold shock response
- Decompression
- Nitrogen narcosis
- Oxygen toxicity
- Seasickness
- Uncontrolled decompression
Diver behaviour and competence
- Lack of competence
- Overconfidence effect
- Panic
- Task loading
- Trait anxiety
- Willful violation

Consequences	Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury

Diving
procedures

Ascending and descending
- Emergency ascent
Boat diving
- Canoe and kayak diving
Buddy diving
- buddy check
Decompression
Dive briefing
Dive log
Dive planning
- Rule of thirds
- Scuba gas planning
Diver communications
Diver rescue
Diver training
Doing It Right
Drift diving
Gas blending for scuba diving
Night diving
Rebreather diving
Scuba gas management
Solo diving

Risk
management

Checklist
Hazard identification and risk assessment
Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue
Risk control
- Hierarchy of hazard controls
Incident pit
Lockout–tagout
Permit To Work
Redundancy
Safety data sheet
Situation awareness

Diving team	Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver
Equipment safety	Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators
Occupational safety and health	Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure

Diving medicine

Diving
disorders

Pressure
related

Oxygen	Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity
Inert gases	Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis
Carbon dioxide	Hypercapnia Hypocapnia
Breathing gas contaminants	Carbon monoxide poisoning

Immersion
related

Treatment

Personnel

Screening

Research

Researchers in
diving physiology
and medicine

Diving medical
research
organisations

Law
Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

History of underwater diving

Archeological
sites

SS Commodore
USS Monitor
Queen Anne's Revenge
Whydah Gally

Underwater art
and artists

Engineers
and inventors

Historical
equipment

Aqua-Lung
RV Calypso
SP-350 Denise
Magnesium torch
Nikonos
Porpoise regulator
Standard diving dress
Sub Marine Explorer
Vintage scuba

Diver propulsion vehicles	Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie

Military and
covert operations

Raid on Alexandria (1941)
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior

Scientific projects

Awards and events

Incidents

Dive boat incidents	Sinking of MV Conception
Diver rescues	Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue
Early diving	John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson
Freediving fatalities	Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova
Offshore diving incidents	Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident
Professional diving fatalities	Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström
Scuba diving fatalities	1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek

Publications

Manuals	NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba
Standards and Codes of Practice	Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers
General non-fiction	The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure
Research	List of Divers Alert Network publications
Dive guides

Training and registration

Diver
training

Competence and assessment
- Competency-based learning
- Refresher training
- Skill assessment
Diver training standard
Diving instructor
Diving school
Occupational diver training
Recreational diver training
- Introductory diving
Teaching method

Skills	Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches

Recreational
scuba
certification
levels

Core diving skills	Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver
Leadership skills	Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor
Specialist skills	Rescue Diver Solo diver

Diver training
certification
and registration
organisations

Commercial diver
certification
authorities

Commercial diving
schools

Free-diving
certification
agencies

AIDA International (AIDA)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Performance Freediving International (PI)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)

Recreational
scuba
certification
agencies

American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC)
American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS)
Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
Global Underwater Explorers (GUE)
International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
International Life Saving Federation (ILS)
Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF)
National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE)
National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI)
Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Sub-Aqua Association (SAA)
Scuba Diving International (SDI)
Scuba Educators International (SEI)
Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC)
Scuba Schools International (SSI)
Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF)
United Diving Instructors (UDI)
YMCA SCUBA Program

Scientific diver
certification
authorities

Technical diver
certification
agencies

American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI)
British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC)
Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS)
Diving Science and Technology (DSAT)
Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS)
International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD)
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI)
Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC)
Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec)
Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID)
Trimix Scuba Association (TSA)
Technical Extended Range (TXR)

Cave diving	Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI)

Military diver
training centres

Military diver
training courses

United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course

Underwater sports

Surface snorkeling	Finswimming
Snorkeling/breath-hold	Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting
Breath-hold	Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving
Open Circuit Scuba	Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography
Rebreather	Underwater photography
Sports governing organisations and federations	International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America)
Competitions	14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships

Underwater divers

Pioneers of diving	Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström
Underwater scientists archaeologists and environmentalists	Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato
Scuba record holders	Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski
Underwater filmmakers and presenters	Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight
Underwater photographers	Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel
Underwater explorers	Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis
Aquanauts	Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui
Writers and journalists	Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera
Rescuers	Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen
Frogmen	Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis
Commercial salvors	Keith Jessop

Science of underwater diving

List of researchers in underwater diving

Diving
physics

Diving
physiology

Decompression theory	Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression

Diving
environment

Underwater exploration
- Deep-sea exploration

Classification	List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment
Impact	Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving

Other

Deep-submergence
vehicle

Aluminaut
DSV Alvin
American submarine NR-1
Bathyscaphe
- Archimède
- FNRS-2
- FNRS-3
- Harmony class bathyscaphe
- Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe
- Trieste II
Deepsea Challenger
Ictineu 3
JAGO
Jiaolong
Konsul-class submersible
Limiting Factor
Russian submarine Losharik
Mir
Nautile
Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle
DSV Sea Cliff
DSV Shinkai
DSV Shinkai 2000
DSV Shinkai 6500
DSV Turtle
DSV-5 Nemo

Submarine rescue

International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office
Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)
McCann Rescue Chamber
Submarine rescue ship

Deep-submergence rescue vehicle	LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy)