Unfederated Malay States

Former British protected states in the Malay Peninsula

Unfederated Malay States
Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu (Malay)
1909–1942
1942–1945 (Japanese occupation)
1945–1946
Malaya in 1922:
  Unfederated Malay States
  Federated Malay States
  Straits Settlements
StatusFederal protectorate of the British Empire
Common languagesMalay
English
Religion
Sunni Islam
Membership
  •  Johor
  • Kedah
  • Kelantan
  •  Perlis
  •  Terengganu
GovernmentConstitutional monarchy
Monarch 
• 1909–1910 (first)
Edward VII
• 1936–1942; 1945–1946 (last)
George VI
Historical eraBritish Empire
• Anglo-Siamese Treaty
9 July 1909
15 February 1942 – 2 September 1945
2 September 1945
1 April 1946
CurrencyStraits dollar (1909–1939)
Malayan dollar (1939–1942; 1945–1946)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Johor
Kedah
Kelantan
Perlis
Terengganu
Rattanakosin Kingdom
Japanese occupation of Malaya
Si Rat Malai
British Military Administration (Malaya)
Malayan Union
Today part ofMalaysia
Part of a series on the
History of Malaysia
Prehistoric Malaysia
Early kingdoms
Sungai Batu 8th century BC-?
Chi Tu 2nd century BC–6th century
Langkasuka 1st–15th century
Gangga Negara 2nd–11th century
Pan Pan 3rd–5th century
Kedah Tua 5th–9th century
Pahang Tua 5th–15th century
Melayu 7th–14th century
Srivijaya 650–1275
Majapahit 1293–1500
Rise of Muslim states
Kedah Sultanate 1136–present
Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521
Brunei Sultanate 1368–present
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Sulu Sultanate 1450–1899
Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623
Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903
Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902
Johor Sultanate 1528–present
Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641
Besut Kingdom 1780–1899
Setul Kingdom 1808–1916
Reman Kingdom 1810–1902
Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial era
Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641
Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661
Acehnese conquest of Perak 1620
Dutch Malacca 1641–1824
Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881
Straits Settlements 1786–1946
Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826
Anglo-Dutch Treaty1824
Burney Treaty1826
Naning War 1831–1832
Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946
Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843
Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946
Pahang Civil War 1857–1863
Larut Wars 1861–1874
Klang War 1867–1874
Pangkor Treaty 1874
Perak War1875–1876
British Malaya / Borneo 1874–1946
Jementah Civil War 1879
North Borneo 1882–1946
Pahang Uprising 1891–1895
Federated Malay States 1895–1946
Anglo-Siamese Treaty1909
Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946
Battle of Penang1914
Kelantan rebellion1915
World War II

1941–1945
Malayan campaign 1941–1942
Bornean Campaign 1941–1942
Battle of Muar 1942
Parit Sulong Massacre 1942
Battle of Singapore 1942
Sook Ching 1942
Syburi 1942
Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945
Si Rat Malai 1943–1945
Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative era
BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946
Crown Colony of N. Borneo 1946–1963
Crown Colony of Sarawak 1946–1963
Anti-cession movement 1946–1963
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
Sungai Siput incident 1948
Malayan Emergency 1948–1960
Batang Kali massacre 1948
Bukit Kepong incident 1950
Baling Talks 1955
Malayan Independence 1957
Singapore Self-governance 1959
ISA 1960 1960–2012
Communist insurgency in Sarawak 1962–1990
North Borneo Self-governance 1963
Konfrontasi 1963–1966
Sarawak Self-governance 1963
Formation of Malaysia 1963
Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965
ASEAN Declaration 1967
Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
13 May incident 1969
National Operations Council 1969–1971
Declaration of Rukun Negara 1970
New Economic Policy 1971–1990
Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989
Barisan Nasional era
Multi-party era
Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018
COVID-19 pandemic 2020–present
Political crisis 2020–2022
Constitutional amendment 2021–2023
Green Wave 2022-present
Incidents
Brunei revolt 1962–1966
North Borneo dispute (Philippine militant attacks) 1962–present
Singapore race riots 1964
Brunei's Limbang claim 1967–2009
Penang Hartal riot 1967
13 May Incident 1969
Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969–2002
Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1971
Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present
AIA building hostage crisis 1975
National Monument bombing 1975
Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1976
Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1976
Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 1977
MH653 incident 1977
Dawn Raid 1981
1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985
Memali Incident 1985
Sabah Emergency 1986
Ming Court Affair 1987
Penang terminal bridge collapse 1988
Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1989
Bright Sparklers disaster 1991
Highland Towers collapse 1993
Genting landslide 1995
MH2133 incident 1995
Pos Dipang mudflow 1996
Tropical Storm Greg 1996
1998–1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999
Al-Ma'unah incident 2000
Sauk Siege 2000
2001 Kampung Medan riots 2001
2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2002
Tsunami in Malaysia 2004
2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2006–2007
Bukit Gantang bus crash 2007
Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 2008
2009 swine flu pandemic in Malaysia 2009
Attacks against places of worship 2010
Cameron Highlands bus crash 2010
Hulu Langat landslide 2011
Genting Highlands bus crash 2013
MH370 incident 2014
MH17 incident 2014
2014–15 Malaysia floods 2014–2015
Sabah earthquake 2015
2015 Plaza Low Yat riot2015
Movida Bar grenade attack 2016
Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 2017
Darul Quran madrasa fire2017
2018 Subang Temple riot 2018
2020-21 Malaysia floods 2021
LRT train collision 2021
2021-22 Malaysia floods 2021–2022
2022 Batang Kali landslide 2022
2023 Elmina plane crash 2023
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The term "Unfederated Malay States" (Malay: Negeri-Negeri Melayu Tidak Bersekutu; Jawi: نݢري٢ ملايو تيدق برسکوتو) was the collective name given to five British protected states in the Malay Peninsula during the first half of the 20th century. These states were Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, and Terengganu. In contrast with the four adjoining Federated Malay States of Selangor, Perak, Pahang, and Negeri Sembilan, the five Unfederated Malay States lacked common institutions, and did not form a single state in international law; they were in fact standalone British protectorates.

In 1946, the British colony of the Straits Settlements was dissolved. Penang and Malacca, which had formed a part of the Straits Settlements, were then grouped with the Unfederated Malay States and the Federated Malay States to form the Malayan Union. In 1948, the Malayan Union was reconstituted as a federation of eleven states known as the Federation of Malaya. Nine of the states of the new Federation of Malaya continued as British Protected States, while two of them, Penang and Malacca, remained as British colonies. The Federation of Malaya gained full independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1957.

History

Johor accepted a treaty of protection with the United Kingdom in 1885, and eventually succumbed to British pressure to accept a resident "Advisor" in 1914. Unlike the other Malay states under British protection, however, Johor remained outside of the Federated Malay States (formed in 1895).

Under the Bangkok Treaty of 1909, Siam transferred its rights over some of the northern Malay states (Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, and Perlis) to the United Kingdom.[1] These states then became British Protected States. With the assistance of Japan, they temporarily returned to Thai jurisdiction for the latter part of the Second World War.

Administration and language

The chief officer of the British colonial administration was the "Advisor". In contrast with the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States enjoyed greater autonomy. The de facto official language of the Unfederated Malay States was Malay (written with the Jawi script).

Evolution of Malaysia

References

  1. ^ John Haywood (2002). Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World 1783 – 1914. Barnes and Noble. p. 22. ISBN 0-7607-3203-5.
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Malaya
  • Straits Settlements (1826–1946)
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