Uyunid Emirate

Uyunid Emirate الدَّوْلَةُ الْعُيُونِيَّة
1076–1238
The Uyunid emirate at its greatest extent.
Capital	Al-Hasa
Common languages	Arabic (Classical)
Religion	Islam
Government	Monarchy
• 1076 (first)	Abdullah bin Ali
• 1238 (last)	Mohammed bin Mas'ud
Historical era	11th–13th centuries
• Established	1076
• Disestablished	1238
Preceded by Succeeded by Qarmatians Usfurids

The Uyunid Emirate (Arabic: الدَّوْلَةُ الْعُيُونِيَّة) was a historical Arab emirate centered in al-Hasa that ruled over most of eastern Arabia and Najd. The Uyunid dynasty, which belonged to the Banu Abd al-Qays tribe, ruled the emirate from 1076 until it was overthrown by the Usfurids in 1238. The emirate was established after the Uyunids took control from the Qarmatians.^[1]

History

Expansion

Under Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Abu'l-Hussin b. Abu Sinan, the territory of the Uyunid Emirate extended from Najd to the Syrian desert. Because of the influence of the Uyunid Emirate, Caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah gave Muhammad b. Ahmad the authority to protect the pilgrimage route to Mecca. However, Muhammad was later assassinated by a family member at the instigation of his cousin, Gharir b. Shukr b. Ali.^[2] From 587 to 605, H. Mohammed bin Abi Al-Hussain united Qatif and Al-Hasa.

Geography

The region known as Bahrain, located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula, included the southern area of Basra along the coast of the Persian Gulf. It also included the territories of Kuwait, al-Hasa, Qatif, Qatar, and the Awal Islands, now known as Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman. The territory of the Uyunid Emirate extended from Najd to the Syrian desert. Through the influence of the Uyunid Emirate and the decree of Caliph al-Nasir li-Din Allah, Muhammad b. Ahmad was given the authority to secure the pilgrimage route to Mecca.

The Uyunid dynasty was an Arab dynasty that ruled the Uyunid Emirate for nearly 200 years, from the 11th to the 13th centuries.^[2] They were the remnants of the Bani Abdul Qays tribe and seized control of the country from the Qarmatians between 1077 and 1078 with the military assistance of the Seljuk Empire.^[3]

Economy

The economy of the Uyunids was based on pearl diving, which was its main economic activity, along with trade routes.

Demographics

Language

The Uyunid dynasty is believed to have been the last state in which the population spoke classical Arabic.

Historical Arab states and dynasties
Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC–300 BC Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC–244 AD Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD Tanukhids 196–1100 AD Ghassanids 220–638 AD Salihids 300s–500s AD Lakhmids 300s–602 AD Kingdom of Kinda 450 AD–550 AD
Arab empires and caliphates Rashidun 632–661 Umayyads 661–750 Abbasids 750–1258 Fatimids 909–1171
Eastern dynasties Emirate of Armenia 654–884 Emirate of Tbilisi 736–1122 Emirate of Crete 824–961 Dulafids 840–897 Habbarids 854–1011 Kaysites 860–964 Shirvanshah 861–1538 Alavids 864–928 Hamdanids 890–1004 Rawadids 955–1071 Mazyadids 961–1150 Jarrahids 970–1107 Uqaylids 990–1096 Numayrids 990–1081 Mirdasids 1024–1080 Munqidhites 1025–1157 Ma'nids 1517–1697 Turabays 1480–1677 Harfushs 1517–1865 Shihabs 1697–1842
Western dynasties and caliphates Salihids 710–1019 Umayyads of Córdoba 756–929 Muhallabids 771–793 Idrisids 788–974 Aghlabids 800–909 Sulaymanids 814–922 Emirate of Sicily 831–1091 Caliphate of Córdoba 929–1031 Kanzids 1004–1412 Bakrids 1012–1051 Tujibids 1013–1039 Amirids 1020–1086 Abbadids 1023–1091 Yahsubids 1023–1062 Hammudids 1026–1057 Muzaynids 1027–1063 Jawharids 1031–1091 Hudids 1039–1110 Sumadihids 1041–1091 Tahirids 1049–1078 Nasrids 1230–1492 Saadids 1554–1659 Senussids 1837–1969
Arabian Peninsula Imamate of Oman 751–1970 Ziyadids 819–1138 Yufirids 847–997 Ukhaidhirds 865–1066 Rassids 897–1962 Qarmatians 899–1077 Wajihids 926–965 Sharifate of Mecca 968–1925 Sulayhids 1047–1138 Sulaymanids 1063–1174 Uyunids 1076–1253 Zurayids 1083–1174 Nabhanids 1154–1624 Mahdids 1159–1174 Rasulids 1229–1454 Usfurids 1253–1320 Jarwanids 1305–1487 Kathirids 1395–1967 Tahirids 1454–1526 Jabrids 1463–1521 Qasimids 1597–1872 Ya'arubids 1624–1742 Upper Yafa 1800–1967 Muscat and Oman 1820–1970 Rashidids 1836–1921 Qu'aitids 1858–1967 Emirate of Beihan 1903–1967 Idrisids 1906–1934 Mutawakkilite Kingdom 1926–1970
East Africa Makhzumi dynasty (Shewa) 896–1279 Nabahani dynasty (Pate Island) 1203–1894 Mahdali dynasty (Kilwa) 1277–1495 Mazrui dynasty (Mombasa) 1746–1828 Sultanate of Zanzibar 1856–1964 Nabahani dynasty (Wituland) 1858–1895 Tippu Tip's State 1860–1887
Current monarchies 'Alawis (Morocco) 1631–present Al Qasimi (Ras al Khaymah) 1727–present Al Qasimi (Sharjah) 1727–present Al Saud (Saudi Arabia) 1744–present Al Said (Oman) 1749–present Al Sabah (Kuwait) 1752–present Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi) 1761–present Al Mualla (Umm al-Quwain) 1775–present Al Khalifa (Bahrain) 1783–present Al Nuaimi (Ajman) 1810–present Al Maktoum (Dubai) 1833–present Al Thani (Qatar) 1868–present Al Sharqi (Fujairah) 1900–present Hashemites (Jordan) 1921–present
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Religion

The Uyunid sect claims that they were Shi'ites. According to Nakash, the populations of Bahrain, Hasa, and Qatif may have converted to Twelver Shi'ism during this period.^[4] The population living within the emirate was mostly Muslim, with two different sects: Sunni and Shi'a.

Culture

Literature

Ali bin al-Mugrab al-Uyuni was a poet from al-Hasa who died in 630 AH (1232 AD). He was one of the last known poets who specialized in hair systems and was eloquent among the people of the Arabian Peninsula before the modern era.^{[clarification needed]} Al-Uyuni's lineage can be traced back to Abdul Qays, who ruled Ahsa during that period after it was liberated from the Qarmatians. Al-Uyuni was a poet and his works, along with his explanations, are considered one of the most important sources in the history of this state.

Architecture

The Khamis Mosque is considered to be the first mosque in Bahrain, built during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Umar II. According to Al Wasat journalist Kassim Hussain, other sources suggest that it was built later, during the reign of the Uyunids, with one minaret. The second minaret was added two centuries later, during the reign of the Usfurids.^[5] The identical twin minarets of this ancient Islamic monument make it easy to spot when driving along Shaikh Salman Road in Khamis.

The Khamis Mosque is believed to be one of the oldest in the region, with some sources claiming that it was founded in 692 AD. However, an inscription found on the site suggests that it was actually founded sometime in the 11th century. The mosque underwent two reconstructions in the 14th and 15th centuries, during which the minarets were added. Recently, the Khamis Mosque has been partially restored.^[6]

See also

• Qatif
• Bahrain
• List of Muslim empires and dynasties

References

• Gulf and east of the Arabian Peninsula named: the territory of the country of Bahrain under the rule of the Arab states. D. Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil. Madbouli library . I: 2006. ISBN 977-208-592-5
• Abdelkader Statistical: masterpiece beneficiary on Ahsa in the old and the new, the achievement Hamad Al-Jasser Riyadh 1960.

Sources