Velar ejective stop

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨kʼ⟩ in IPA
Velar ejective stop
kʼ
IPA Number109 + 401
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k​ʼ
Unicode (hex)U+006B U+02BC
X-SAMPAk_>
Image

The velar ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨kʼ⟩.

Features

Features of the velar ejective:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz акы/aky [akʼə] 'one'
Adyghe Temirgoy шкӏэ/šč̣ǎ [ʃkʼa]ⓘ 'calf'
Shapsug кӏьэ/č̣yė [kʲʼa]ⓘ 'tail' Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.
Archi[1] кIан/k'an [kʼan] 'bottom'
Armenian Yerevan dialect[2] կեղծ/kekhts [kʼɛʁt͡sʼ] 'false' Some speakers. Corresponds to tenuis [k⁼] in most speakers and other Eastern dialects.
Tbilisi dialect կարմիր/karmir [kʼɑɹmiɹ] 'red'
Avar кӀул/ḳul [kʼuɫ] 'key'
Chechen кӀант/khant/ࢰآنت [kʼənt] 'boy'
English[3][4] Non-local Dublin[5] back [bækʼ] 'back' Allophone of /k/ for some speakers.[5]
Northern English[6][7][8] Pre-pausal allophone of /k/ for some speakers;[7] may be somewhat palatalised. See English phonology
Southern English[5][6][7]
Scottish[9] Occasional word-final allophone of /k/.[9]
Georgian კაბა/kʼaba [kʼɑbɑ] 'dress'
Haida ttsanskkaagid [tsʼanskʼaːkit] 'beams'
Hausa ƙoƙari [kʼòːkʼɐ̄ɾī] 'effort'
Kabardian Baslaney кӏьапсэ/kl'apsè [kʲʼaːpsa]ⓘ 'rope' Palatalized. Corresponds to [t͡ʃʼ] in other dialects.
Kʼicheʼ k'ak' [kʼaːkʼ] 'new'
Lak кӀлла/ⱪalla/ࢰالّا [kʼalːa] 'rootless, foreign'[10]
Lezgian кIир/k'ir [kʼir] 'fang'
Navajo k'os [kʼòs] 'cloud'
Ossetian Iron къона/khona [ˈkʼonä] 'hearth'
Digoron дзæкъолæ/dzækholæ [d͡zəˈkʼoɫə] 'bag'
Quechua k'aspi [kʼaspi] 'stick'
Sotho [example needed]
Yeyi [example needed] Contrasts /kʼ kʲʼ ᵑkʼ/.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-01.
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:17–18)
  3. ^ Wells & Colson (1971:3)
  4. ^ "Ejectives in English | Linguism | Linguistics, Pronunciation and Phonetics". 21 August 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  5. ^ a b c "Glossary". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  6. ^ a b Cruttenden (2008:167)
  7. ^ a b c Wells (1982:261)
  8. ^ Gimson (1970:34)
  9. ^ a b McCarthy & Stuart-Smith (2013) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMcCarthyStuart-Smith2013 (help)
  10. ^ лакско-русский словарь Link

References

  • Cruttenden, Alan, ed. (2008), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (7th ed.), London: Hodder, ISBN 978-0340958773
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gimson, Alfred C. (1970), An Introduction to the pronunciation of English, London: Edward Arnold
  • Wells, John C.; Colson, Greta (1971), Practical Phonetics, London: Pitman, ISBN 0-273-43949-9
  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English I: An Introduction, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29719-2

External links

  • List of languages with [kʼ] on PHOIBLE
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IPA topics
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Encodings
Pulmonic consonants
Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal
Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ
Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh
Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ
Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞
Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆
Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ
Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝
Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants
BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG
Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ
Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ kxʼ qχʼ
Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ
Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ
Lateral fricative ɬʼ
Click
(top: velar;
bottom: uvular) 		Tenuis kʘ
qʘ 		kǀ
qǀ 		kǃ
qǃ 		k𝼊
q𝼊 		kǂ
qǂ
Voiced ɡʘ
ɢʘ 		ɡǀ
ɢǀ 		ɡǃ
ɢǃ 		ɡ𝼊
ɢ𝼊 		ɡǂ
ɢǂ
Nasal ŋʘ
ɴʘ 		ŋǀ
ɴǀ 		ŋǃ
ɴǃ 		ŋ𝼊
ɴ𝼊 		ŋǂ
ɴǂ 		ʞ
 
Tenuis lateral kǁ
qǁ
Voiced lateral ɡǁ
ɢǁ
Nasal lateral ŋǁ
ɴǁ
Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ
Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥
Co-articulated consonants
Labial–velar
ɧ
Sj-sound (variable)
Lateral approximant
Velarized alveolar
Labial–velar
Labial–alveolar
Other
Front Central Back
Close
•
•
Near-close
Close-mid
•
•
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
•
Open
•
•

Legend: unrounded • rounded