Voiced postalveolar affricate

Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
d̠ʒ
IPA Number	104 135
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ or d_rZ
Image

The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is dZ. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр/adžyr	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ/canä	[d͡ʒaːna]ⓘ	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ/înjera	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Modern Standard[1]	جَـرَس/jaras	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
	Hejazi	جــيب/jēb	[d͡ʒe̞ːb]	'pocket'	Pronounced [ʒ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ջուր/džur	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ/džandža	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'musca (fly)'
Assyrian		ܓ̰ܝܪܐ ǧyoro	[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]	'to pee'	Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ɟ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		can	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'
Bengali		জল/jol	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		джудже/džudže	[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]	'dwarf'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		jutge	[ˈʒud͡ʒə]	'judge'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		джерво / cyervo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	重 / zon	[d͡ʒõ]	'heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		džbán	[d͡ʒbaːn]	'jug'	See Czech phonology
Dhivehi		ޖަރާސީމު / jaraaseemu	[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]	'germs'	See Dhivehi phonology
Dutch		jeans	[d͡ʒiːns]	'jeans'	Some say [ʒiːns]
English		jeans	[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]	'jeans'	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Estonian		džäss	[ˈd̥ʒæsː]	'jazz'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
Finnish		džonkki	[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]	'junk (ship)'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. See French phonology
Georgian[3]		ჯიბე/džibe	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard[4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See Standard German phonology
Goemai		[example needed]	[d͡ʒaːn]	'twins'
Hebrew		ג׳וק/džuk	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	जाना/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	جـانا/jana
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]	'distance'
Italian[5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabyle		lǧiran	[id͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Kashubian[6]		[example needed]
Kurdish	Northern	cîger	[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]	'lung'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒɛɾg]	'liver'
	Southern		[d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz		жаман / jaman	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'	See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino		djudyó/גﬞודיו	[d͡ʒudˈjo]	'Jew'
Latvian		dadži	[dad͡ʒi]	'thistles'	See Latvian phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect[7]	djèn	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugene'	See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'gladsome'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер/džemper	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Maltese		ġabra	[d͡ʒab.ra]	'collection'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय/joy	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia		ଜମି/jami	[d͡ʒɔmi]	'land'	Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibwe		ᐄᒋᑭᐌᐦ / iicikiwee	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کـجـا	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Standard	liczba	[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]	'number'
	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect[8]
	Malbork dialect[8]
	Ostróda dialect[8]
	Warmia dialect[8]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects[9]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем / džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian
Silesian	Gmina Istebna[10]	[example needed]			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
	Jablunkov[10]	[example needed]
Slovene		enačba	[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]	'equation'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Tagalog		diyan	[d͡ʒän]	'there'	Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Tyap		jem	[d͡ʒem]	'hippopotamus'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian[11]		джерело/džerelo	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		joza / جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
Uzbek		jahon / жаҳон	[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]	'world'
West Frisian		siedzje	[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]	'to sow'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		דזשוכע	[d͡ʒʊxə]	'insect'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[12]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠˔
dɹ̝˗
Audio sample
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Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian[13]	dream	[d̠͡ɹ̠˔ʷɪi̯m]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/.[13][14][15] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [d͡ɹ̝].[14] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	General American[14][15]
	Received Pronunciation[14][15]

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

External links

• List of languages with [d̠ʒ] on PHOIBLE

IPA topics

IPA International Phonetic Association History of the alphabet Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Special topics Cursive forms Case variants Obsolete and nonstandard symbols Naming conventions Sinological extensions World Orthography IPA chart for English dialects Encodings ASCII encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode IPA number IPA Braille

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̆ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̥ 𝼈 ʎ̆ ʟ̆ IPA help  audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Non-pulmonic consonants BL LD D A PA RF P V U EG Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ ʡʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ IPA help  audio full chart template Co-articulated consonants Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡p d͡b Labial–alveolar k͡p ɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ ɥ Labial–palatal ʍ w Labial–velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar IPA help full chart template Other Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃] Nasal palatal approximant [j̃] Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆] Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥] Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]

Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ IPA help  audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded